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Ch.6 -9

Radiation Protection

Question	Answer
according to target theory, master molecule can be damaged by which of the following	direct and indirect
with regard to radiation exposure which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected	small intestine
when oxygen is present the probability of biologic damage does which of the following	increases with low LET
those cells that are most sensitive to radiation include which of the following (3)	those that reproduce most quickly and that are most immature, those that have the longest mitotic cycle, those that have the least degree of specialization
for radiation protection high LET radiation is of greatest concern when a radionuclide has been implanted ingested injected or inhaled because...	the potential exists for irreparable damage because of multiple strand breaks in DNA are possible
what is the chance of master molecules being struck by radiation	same as any other molecule
which are classified as high LET radiation	alpha particles, low-energy neutrons
which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body	indirect
according to target theory where is master molecule located	in the nucleus
which molecules in the body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through indirect	water
what can result from radiation interfering with cell function by damaging the nucleus	all of above, instant cell death, reproductive death, interference of cell function
the most radiosensitive cell	leukocytes
most radiosensitive out of liver, urinary system, gonads and nerve cells	gonads
a one break effect to a chromosome that doesn't reattach is called	terminal deletion
the last most severe stage in ARS involves which of the following	death
ionizing radiation over 50Gy (5000Rad) death will result from which of the following	leakage of small blood vessels in brain
high doses of ionizing radiation in utero can cause a variety of illnesses and abnormalities; in regard of radiation doses normally used in diagnostic exams; when is the most radiosensitive trimester	1st trimester is most radiosensitive
most radiation induced skeletal abnormalities most frequently occur in an embryo fetus when	weeks 3-20
LD 50/30 refers to what	50% of exposed population will survive after 30 days
what is the relationship of radiation and dose in a threshold dose response relationship	radiation response is directly proportional to increased dose
what is an extra measure of caution built into diagnostic radiation protection standards	assume biologic response is directly proportional to increased dose
about 2/3 of all biologic damage is caused by ___ from radiolysis of water	OH*
what is the definition of an early or acute effect of radiation exposure	identifiable biologic response to radiation with in minutes, hours, days or weeks of the exposure
how long after whole body exposure to a dose of 1 Gy (100 Rad) does the prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome begin?	within hours
what type of cancer has increased dramatically in children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident	thyroid
what is the function of hematopoietic system	manufactures the various types of cells in blood
at what dose does hematopoietic syndrome begin	1 Gy (100 Rad)
what generally happens to bone marrow when it is exposed to a radiation dose of less than 1 Gy (100 rad)	short term damage with recovery within a few weeks or months
which of the following types of cells develop from single precursor cell the pluropotential stem cell	lymphocytes and granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes and platelets
what is the length of time between radiation exposure and death from a cerebrovascular syndrome	from hours up to 2 to 3 days
what impact does exposure to ionizing radiation have on naturally occurring genetic effect	radiation exposures increase the likelihood of naturally occurring genetic effects
when exposed to radiation as a part of their educational experience 18 year old students should not exceed an effective dose limit of ___ annually	1 msv (.1rem)
the dose response relationship to approximate the biologic response to an ionizing radiation dose in which of the following	linear non threshold dose response relationship
cancer and genetic defects are stochastic or nonstochastic effects	stochastic
lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans is usually given as or is probably most likely to be	LD 50/60
in a linear or nonlinear threshold dose response relationship which of the following is true of the biologic response to radiation	it may not occur at low doses
how long does prodromal stage of ARS last	few hours to several days
which of the following is true	biologic damage begins with ionization produced by various types of radiation
white blood cells are known as	leukocytes
symptoms of manifest stage of GI syndrome	all of the above
chromosomal damage can be caused by both low and high radiation dose, true or false	TRUE
radiation dose affects mean survival time in what way	as dose increases, mean survival time decreases
when cells are damaged by low doses of ionizing radiation what is a common result of the damage	cell repair
what is most radiosensitive component of a cell	DNA
irradiation of which of the following anatomical areas will affect the production of white blood cells	bone marrow
how can radiation damage to the DNA molecule of a germ cell affect the future generations of an individual	mutations may occur
which of the following have an impact on the effect of a cell (3)	the amount of radiation delivered; the rate of radiation delivered; and the oxygenation of a cell
which of the following wouldn't occur from a significant exposure to radiation	immunity to radiation damage
when radiation exposure causes hemapoietic death what is the main reason why persons die?	bone marrow destruction
reddening of the skin due to radiation damage is called what	erythema
gastrointestinal syndrome begins at what dose	6 Gy
measurement of the amount of radiation necessary to produce necessary skin reaction called	skin erythema dose
prodromal stage occurs with	ARS hematopoietic syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome, and cerebrovascular syndrom
blood cells that help stop blood hemorrhaging	platelet cells
most radiosensitive vital organs system in human beings is	hematopoietic
embryo fetus sensitivity to radiation	decreases over time
what are some measurable late biologic damages	cataracts, leukemia, genetic mutations
bone marrow transplants used to help those who are exposed to what dose	5 Gy (500Rad) of ionizing radiation
single radiation exposure of ___ to ovaries or testes will result in temporary sterility	2 Gy
hematopoietic syndrome ranges from what dose levels in rads	100-1000 rads
which statements regarding laws of radio sensitivity (bergonic and Tribondeau) are considered correct	younger tissues are more radiosensitive; mature cells most radio resistant; when metabolic activity increases so is radio sensitivity (all of above)
which of the following are radiosensitive	spermatogenia and lymphocytes
central nervous system death requires rads of	5000
which is most likely to have longest latency period	malignancy
another name for stochastic effects	statistical response
least sensitive blood cells	erythrocytes
primary long term effects of radiation observed in radium dial painters	bone cancer
equivalent dose formula is	absorbed dose times the weighting factor
what is the recommended cumulative whole body effective dose equivalent limit	age in yrs x 10 smv (1000mrem)
what is recommended NCRP (report no 116) annual effective dose limit for a 40 yr old radiographer	50 msv
radiation can induce genetic damage by which of the following means	altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA
what do atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, marshal islanders and nuclear radiation victims of Chernobyl have in common	some of all groups were exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause ARS
which of the following are example of chromosomal two break effects	interstitial deletion and inversion
put in order from least sensitive to most sensitive: skin, stomach, liver	stomach, liver, skin
what is the dose curve that best estimates risk associated with low dose from low LET	linear quadratic nonthreshold
which of the following is most harmful, small dose over long period of time or large dose all at once	large dose to whole body at one time
effective dose is calculated by	dose x tissue weighting factor
what are stochastic effects (definition)	non threshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes
the doubling dose is defined as	the amount of radiation it takes to double the number of spontaneous mutation s if no radiation were given at all
characteristics of nonstochastic effects of radiation include (3)	they have predictability; have a threshold; severity is directly related to dose
when biologic effects from ionizing radiation demonstrated the existence of a threshold and the severity of that damage increases as a consequence of increased absorbed dose the events are considered	deterministic
most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses	less than 0.01 Sv (1 rem)
if someone is exposed to a 1 Gy (100rad) whole body dose of ionizing radiation, what will be the result	illness, but death will not normally occur
what is the function of the hematopoeitic system	manufacturing the various types of cells in blood
most of the information available to researchers of the dose response relationship comes from which of the following	studies of animals
damage to DNA would cause what two late effects	genetic defects and malignant disease
muller experiemented with fruit flies true or false	TRUE
LET is defined as	the rate at which the energy of radiation was transferred to tissue, directly proportional to RBE
a response that has a level that is reached below which no effect is observed	threshold
is the dose response curve for overall human response to a radiation dose	linear quadratic nonthreshold
least likely to occur from low dose	brain necrosis
as LET goes up RBE does what	goes up
the least likely stage to cause death	promodal
symptoms of high doses of radiation	nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
death from the hematologic syndrome occurs from what two symptoms	infection and dehydration
has the shortest latent period of 6-12 hrs	CNS syndrom
form of effect from radiation that causes irratibility of the skin	radiodermatitis
accessory structures of the skin (4)	sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous gland and sweat gland
skin effects have what type of dose repsonse curve	linear threshold
use very low kVp of 10-20 kVp	Grenz rays
Oogonia multiply	only in the fetus
this type of aberrations are not very detectable	single aberration
radiation doses in the early days were determined by what type of testing	blood tests
stochastic effects do or do not exhibit a threshold	do not exhibit a threshold
which organ is the most sensitive between the breast, thyroid, liver, colon, lung	liver
which is most damaging	lethality
cancer cells differ from normal cells in what two ways	an incrased amount of chromatin, an incrased ration of nuclear material to cytoplasm
the weakest area of understanding	genetics
the most devastating respnse to radiation is	death
the series of events that follow a large radiation exposure and always leads to death is called	acute radiation lethality
the ___ is the term used to describe the clinical expression of organ damage	manifest illness
medium doses of radiation cause erythema depending on these three things...	individual's radiosensitivity; dose rate; and size of field irradiated
the preferred methods of expressing the risk of cancer induction from radiation exposures are	absolute and relative risks
the branch of medicine dealing with the distribution and determinants of a disease ina population is called	epidermiological studies
what is a type of radiation damage associated with the eyes	cataracts
the dose for temporary sterility in either sex is	200 rad
it is hard to associate a certain late response with a previous radiation exposure history, which is not a risk estimate...absolute risk, observed risk or relative risk	observed risk
the last atomic bomb, the bomb that ended WWII was	the bomb at Nagasaki
leukemia follows what type of dose relationship curve	linear quadratic non-threshold curve
based on data from the Abomb survivors, the laten period for leukemia was	5-7 years
what is the main cause of the incrase in leukemia for radiologists in the 20s - 40s	lack of radiation protection methods
skin effects follow a ___dose response relationship	linear threshold
___'s genetic effect study on mice determined that doses administered over a long period showed less effecgts genetically than 1 large dose	Russell
which cancer appears to have a threshold	skin cancer

Created by: daybreak5

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