Lippert - Ch.20 Ankle Joint & Foot - p. 301-324
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| What structure keeps the tibia & the fibula together while providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment? | the interosseous membrane
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| What bone is the only true weight-bearing bone of the leg? | tibia
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| where is the tibial crest? | anterior
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| How many tarsal bones are in each foot? | seven
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| Which tarsal bone sits on the calcaneus & is the 2nd largest tarsal bone? | talus
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| Which tarsal bone is on the lateral side of the foot, proximal to the 4th & 5th metatarsals, & distal to the calcaneus? | cuboid
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| Which tarsal bone is on the medial side of the foot, distal to the talus, & proximal to the cuneiforms? | navicular
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| How many cuneiform bones are there? | 3
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| Where are the cuneiform bones located? | distal to the navicular, proximal to the 1st 3 metatarsals
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| How are the cuneiform bones numbered? And which is the largest? | numbered 1,2,3 from medial to lateral; the 1st is the largest
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| Which tarsal bone is the largest and most posterior? | calcaneus
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| Where is the calcaneal tuberosity? | projection on posterior inferior surface
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| Where is the sustenaculum tali? | it is the medial superior projection of the calcaneus that supports the medial side of the talus
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| Where is the navicular tuberosity? | projection on medial side of navicular
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| Where are the metatarsals located? | distal to the cuneiforms & cuboid, proxiaml to phalanges
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| How are the metatarsals numbered? | 1 - 5, starting medially going laterally
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| What is the 1st digit of the foot also called? | great toe (or hallux)
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| What are the 2nd through 5th digits of the foot referred to as? | lesser toes
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| hindfoot | talus & calcaneus
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| midfoot | naviculat, cuboid, & 3 cuneiforms
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| forefoot | 5 metatarsals & all phalanges
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| Which part of the foot provide stability & mobility as it transmits movement? | the midfoot
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| Which part of the foot can adapt to the level of the ground? | the forefoot
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| Which part of the foot influences function & movement of the rest of the foot? | the hindfoot (because it hits the ground 1st)
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| What are the 3 main functions of the ankle joint & foot? | 1. shock absorber, 2. adapts to uneven ground, 3. provides stable to BOS (base of support) to propel body forward
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| Which motions of the foot & ankle occur in the SAGITTAL plane around the FRONTAL axis? | plantar flexion & dorsiflexion
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| Which motions of the foot & ankle occur in the FRONTAL plane around the SAGITTAL axis? | inversion & eversion
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| Which motions of the foot & ankle occur in the TRANSVERSE plane,and occurs primarily in the forefoot ? | abduction & adduction
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| What motion involves raising the medial boarder of the foot and turning the forefoot inward? | inversion
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| What motion involves raising the lateral boarder of the foot and turning the forefoot outward? | eversion
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| Supination of the foot is a combination of what 3 motions? | plantar flexion, inversion, adduction
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| Pronation of the foot is a combination of what 3 motions? | dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction
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| valgus | abnormal position where distal segment is AWAY from midline
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| varus | abnormal position where distal segment is TOWARD the midline
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| superior tibiofibular joint | between head of fibula & posterior lateral aspect of proximal tibia; functions to dissipate torsional stresses at ankle; synovial joint
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| inferior tibiofibular joint | between concave distal tibia & convex distal fibula; accomodates motion of talus; major contributor to ankle joint strength; no joint capsul; synovial joint
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| Name 2 other names for the ankle joint | talocrural joint or talotibial joint
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| between the tibia, fibula, & talus
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| inversion is a combination of what motions? | adduction, supination, & plantar flexion
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| eversion is a combination of what motions? | abduction, pronation, & dorsiflexion
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| motion around an obliquely oriented axis that passes through all 3 planes
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| How will the foot move during ankle dorsiflexion in an open kinetic chain (leg is fixed)? | abduction
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| How will the foot move during ankle plantar flexion in an open kinetic chain (leg is fixed)? | adduction
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| How will the leg move during ankle dorsiflexion in an closed kinetic chain (foot is fixed)? | leg medially rotates
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| How will the leg move during ankle dorsiflexion in an closed kinetic chain (foot is fixed)? | leg laterally rotates
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| another name for subtalar joint | talocalcaneal joint
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| What type of joint is the suptalar joint? | plane synovial with 1 degree of freedom
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| Where is the subtalar joint? | between talus & calcaneus
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| What motions occur at the subtalar joint? | inversion & eversion around oblique axis
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| another name for transverse tarsal joint | midtarsal joint
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| motions of transverse tarsal joint | inversion & eversion around oblique axis
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| Where is the transverse tarsal joint? | where calcaneus & talus articulate with navicular & cuboid
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| inversion is a combination of what motions? | adduction, supination, & plantar flexion
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| eversion is a combination of what motions? | abduction, pronation, & dorsiflexion
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| metatarsalphalangeal (MTP) joints | between metatarsals and proxiamal phalanges
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| 1st MTP flexion | 45 degrees
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| 1st MTP hyperextension | 90 degrees
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| 2nd – 5th MTP flexion | 40 degress
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| 2nd – 5th MTP hyperextension | 45 degrees
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| What joints does the foot have in common with the hand? | PIP, DIP, IP joints
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| The capsule of the ankle joint is reinforced by what? | collateral ligaments
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| deltoid ligament | triangular in shape; strengthens the medial ankle, holds the calcaneus & navicular against the talus, and maintains medial longitudinal arch
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| lateral ligament | actually 3 ligaments; connect lateral malleolus to talus & calcaneus
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| Which 3 bones create a triangle to bear weight when standing? | 1st & 5th metatarsal & calcaneus
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| medial longitudinal arch | medial boarder of foot from calcaneus to 1st 3 metatarsals; depresses and recoils, but should not flatten to ground
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| keystone of medial longitudinal arch | talus
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| lateral longitudinal arch | lateral boarder of foot from calcaneus to 4th & 5th metatarsals, rests on ground during weight-bearing
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| transverse arch | through 3 cuneiforms to cuboid
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| keystone of transverse arch | 2nd cuneiform
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| what maintains the 3 arches of the foot | 1. Shape of bones & relation to each other; 2. Plantar ligaments & fascia; 3. Muscles
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| spring ligament | aka: plantar calcaneonavicular lig.: from calcaneus to navicular
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| long plantar ligament | calcaneus to cuboid, 3rd, 4th, & 5th metatarsals
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| short plantar ligament | calcaneus to cuboid
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| plantar fascia | calcaneus to proximal phalanges, increases stability and keeps anterior & posterior segments from separating
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| 4 groups of extrinsic muscles | superficial posterior, deep posterior, anterior, & lateral (table 20-2)
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| intrinsic muscle of the foot are located where? | mostly the plantar surface (table 20-5)
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| What nerve innervates the posterior leg & plantar surface of the foot? | tibial nerve
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| What nerve innervates the lateral leg? | superficial peroneal nerve, except the peroneus tertius
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| What nerve innervates peroneus tertius, extensors, & tibialis anterior | deep peroneal nerve
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| shin splints | exercise induced pain to medial tibia (usually from running & jumping)
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| medial tibial stress syndrome | anterior leg pain without stress fracture
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| plantigrade | normal foot with sole at right angles to leg when standing
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| equinus foot | aka: horse’s foot; hindfoot fixed in plantar flexion
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| calcaneus foot | fixed in dorsiflexion
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| pes cavus | abnormally high arch
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| pes planus | aka: flat foot; loss of medial longitudinal arch
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| hallux valgus | great toe points laterally
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| hallux rigidus | degenerative condition, 1st MTP joint pain & limited ROM
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| hammer toe | PIP flexed, DIP extended
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| mallet toe | PIP extended, DIP flexed
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| claw toe | PIP & DIP flexed
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| metatarsalgia | bruise-like pain in metatarsal heads
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| Morton’s neuroma | enlarged nerve between 3rd & 4th toes (p. 72 & 322)
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| turf toe | caused by forced hyperextension of great toe at MTP joint (common to football, soccer, baseball)
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| ankle sprains | lateral or inversion sprain is most common
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| ankle fracture | usually involves twisting component to ankle involving lateral malleolus
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| bimalleolar fracture | both malleoli break
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| trimalleolar fracture | both mallieli & posterior lip of tibia break
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| plantar fasciitis | from overuse; pain in heal
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| Achilles tendonitis | inflammation of gastrocnemius-soleus tendon
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| What happens if the achillies tendon is completely ruptured? | unable to plantarflex {squeeze the muscle belly in prone to test}
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| triple arthrodesis | surgical procedure fusing the talocalcaneal, calcaneocuboid, & talonavicular joints [provides medial-lateral stability to foot]
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