chapters 13, 18, 19, 20
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on it to display the answer.
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| a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply | infection
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| when cumulative effects of infection damage or disrupt tissues and organs | pathologic state that results is a disease
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| any deviation from health | disease
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| the disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products | infectious disease
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| the large and mixed collection of microbes adapted to the body | normal (resident) biota or normal flora
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| the normal residents include: | bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and to an extent viruses and arthropods
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| the study of all the genomes in a particular ecological niche, as opposed to individual genomes from single species | metagenomics
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| funded by the National Institutes of Health and is being conducted at laboratories all over the world. The aim is to collect genetic sequences in the gut, respiratory tract, skin, to determine which microbes are there, even when they can't grow in the lab | The Human Microbiome Project
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| what are some sites that harbor a known normal biota | skin and its mucous membranes; upper respiratory tract; GI tract; outer opening of urethra; external genitalia; vagina; external ear canal; external eye
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| the fermentation of glycogen by lactobailli, which keep the pH in the vagina quite acidic and prevents the overgrowth of the yeast? | Candida albicans
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| relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism | microbial antagonism
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| infections caused by biota that are already present in the body | endogenous
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| what is some common genera on the skin | B: Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Proprionibacterium, Streptococcus; F: Candida, Pityrosporum; A: Demodix mite
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| what is some common genera in the oral cavity | B: Streptococcus; Neisseria, Bacteroides, Haemophilus; F: Candida species; P: Entamoeba gingivalis
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| what is some common genera in the large intestine and rectum | B: Streptococcus, Clostridium, fecal streptococci, Lactobacillus, coliforms (Escherichia, Enterobacter); F: Candida; P: Entamoeba coli, Trichomonas hominis
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| what is some common genera in the upper respiratory tract | similar to the oral cavity
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| what is some common genera in the genital tract | B: Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia; F: Candida
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| what is some common genera in the urinary tract | B: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus
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| this bacterium metabolizes sugars into acids that protect the infant from infection by certain intestinal pathogens when breast-fed | Bifidobacterium
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| a microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and diseae is termed: | pathogen; this type and severoty of infection depend on the pathogenicity of the organism and the condition of the host
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| a broad concept that describes an organism's potential to cause infection or disease, and is used to divide pathogenic microbes into one of two groups | ogenicity
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| (primary pathogens) capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses; generally associate with specific, recognizable disease that may vary in severity such as a cold to malarial or rabies | true pathogens
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| what are some example of true pathogens | influenza virus, plague bacillus, and malarial protozoan
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| cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them | opportunistic pathogens
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| what are examples of opportunistic pathogens | Pseudomonas species and Candida albicans
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| in infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells | virulence
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| the virulence of a microbe is determined by its ability to: | 1. establish itslef in the host 2.cause damage
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| any characteristic or sructure of the microbe that contributes to the preceding activities is called: | virulence factor
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| to initiate an infection, a microbe enters the tissues of the body by a characteristic route that is usually a cutaneous or membranous boundary. what is this called | portal of entry
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| originating outside the body | exogenous
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| already existing in the body | endogenous
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| what does Mycobacterium tuberculosis enter through | respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
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| what does Streptococcus and Staphylococcus enter through | skin, urogenital tracts, and respiratory tract
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| the cause of boils | Staphylococcus aureus
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| an agent of impetigo | Streptococcus pyogenes
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| what is the bacteria that causes pink eye | Haemophilus aegyptius
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| what is the bacteria that causes trachoma | Chlamydia trachomatis
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| the best-known enteric agents of disease are gram-negative rods in the genera...... | Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Escherichia coli
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| viruses that enter the gut are | poliovirus, hepaitis A virus, echovirus, and rotavirus
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| what are important enteric protozoans... | Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis) and Giardia lamblia (giardiasis)
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| the agents with entry into the respiratory tract include..... | stretococcal sore throat, mengitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, viruses of influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox and the common cold
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| pathogens that are inhaled into the lower region of the respiratory tract (bronchioles and lungs)can cause this | pneumonia
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| what are some agents involved with pneumonia | bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Mycoplasma) and fungi (Cryptococcus and Pneumocystis)
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| this is an effective barrier against microorganisms in the maternal circulation | placenta
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| the common infections of fetus and neonate are grouped together in a unified cluster, known by the acronym TORCH....what does TORCH stand for..... | toxoplasmosis, other diseases (hepatits B, AIDS, chlamydia), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus
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| what are the most serious complications of TORCH infections........ | spontaneous abortion, congential abnormalities, brain damage, prematurity, and stillbirths
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| for most agents, infection will proceed only if a minimum number called this is present | infectious dose (ID)
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| a process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal entry | adhesion
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| What is Neisseria gonorrhoeae adhesion mechanism | fimbriae attach to genital epithelium
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| what is Escherichia coli adhesion mechanism | fimbrial adhesion
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| what is Shigella adhesion mechanism | fimbriae attach to intestinal epithelium
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| what is Mycoplasma adhesion mechanism | specialized tip at ends of bacteria fuse tightly to lung epithelium
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| what is Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhsion mechanism | fimbriae and slime layer
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| What is Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion mechanism | Lipotechoic acid and capsule anchor cocci to epithelium
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| what is Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus (dental caries) adhesion mechanism | Dextran slime layer glues cocci to tooth surface after initial attachment
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| what is Influenza virus adhesion mechanism | viral spikes attach to receptor on cell surface
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| what is poliovirus adhesion mechanism | capsid proteins attach to receptors on susceptible cells
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| what is HIV adhesion mechanism | viral spikes adhere to white blood cells receptors
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| what is Giardia lamblia (protozoan) adhesion mechanism | small suction disc on underside attaches to intestinal surfaces
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| a class of white blood cells capable of engulfing other cells and particles; they engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals | phagocytes
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| a type of virulence factor used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes | antiphagocytic factors
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| Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce this substance that is toxic to white blood cells | leukocidins
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| what types of microorganisms secrete a slime layer or capsule to make it physically difficult for a phagocyte to engulf them | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Neisseria meningitidis, and Cryptococcus neoformans
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| the ability to survive intracellularly in phagocytes has specical significance because... | it provides a place for the microbes to hide, grow, and be spread throughout the body (ex: Legionella, Mycobacterium, and rickettsia)
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| many pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms secrete this substance that breaks down and inflicts damage on tissues | exoenzymes
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| Example of an enzyme: digests the protectice coating on mucous membranes and is a factor in amoebic dysentery | mucinase
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| Example of enzyme: digests the principal component of skin and hair, and is secreted by fungi that cause ringworm | keratinase
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| digests the principal fiber of connective tissue and is an invasive factor of Clostridium species and certain worms | collagenase
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| example of enzyme: digests hyaluronic acid, the ground substance that cements animal cells together; important virulence factor in staphylococci, clostridia, streptococci, and pneumococci | hyaluronidase
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| an enzyme produced by pathogenic staphylococci that causes clotting of blood or plasma | coagulase
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| strep and staph that dissolves fibrin clots and expedites the invasion of damaged tissues | kinase
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| a specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms | toxin
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| the tendency for a pathogen to produce toxins; important factor in bacterial virulence | toxigenicity
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| disease who adverse effects are primarily due to production and release of toxins | toxinosis
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| condition in which a toxin is spread throughout the bloodstream | toxemia
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| poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection | intoxication
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| a toxin is named according to........ | its specific tartet of action (neurotoxins=nervous system; enterotoxins=intestine; hemotoxin=lyse RBCs; nephrotoxins=damage the kidneys
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| a bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released; composed of a phospholipid polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-neg bacterial cell walls; can cause severe shock and fever | endotoxin
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| at toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target (ex: botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, erythrogenic toxin) | exotoxin
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| what affects on cells do exotoxins generally produce | damage the cell membrane and initiate lysis; disrupts intracellular function
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| any biological agent that is capable of destroying RBCs and causing the release of hemoglobin; many bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins that act as this | hemolysin
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| when RBCs burst and release hemoglobin pigment | hemolyze
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| hemolysins that increase pathogenecity include | streptolysins of Streptococcus pyogenes and the alpha and beta toxins of Staphylococcus aureus
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| when colonies of bacteria growing on blood agar produce hemolysin, what happens to the colony | distinct zones appear around the colony
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| toxic in minute amounts; specific to cell type (blood, liver, nerve); small proteins; unstable heat denaturation at 60C; can be converted to toxoid; stimulate antitoxins; no fever stimulation; secreted from live cell; a few gram-pos and gram-neg | exotoxin
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| toxic in high doses; systemic (fever, inflammation); lipopolysaccharide of cell wall; stable heat danaturation at 60C; can't be converted to toxoid; does not stimulate antitoxins; produces fever; release by cell via shedding or during lysis; all gram-neg | endotoxin
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| cell and tissue death | necrosis
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| occurs when a microbe enter a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there | localized infection (ex: boils, fungal skin infections, warts)
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| occuring throughout the body; said of infections that invade many compartments and organs via the circulation | systemic infection (measles, rubella, chickenpox, AIDS)
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| occurs when an infectious agent breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to other tissues | focal infection
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| a focal infections pattern is exhibited by.... | tuberculosis or by streptococcal pharyngitis, which give rise to scarlet fever
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| several agents that establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site | mixed infections (ex: gas gangrene, wound infections, dental caries, and human bite infections; these are sometimes called polymicrobial diseases)
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| an initial infection in a previously healthy individual that is later complicated by an additional infection | primary infection
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| an infection that compounds a preexisting one | secondary infection
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| infections that come on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects | acute infections
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| infections that progress and persist over a long period of time | chronic infections
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| any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer | sign
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| the subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient | symptom
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| when a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms, it is termed | syndrome
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| symptom of fever | chills
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| symptom of septicemia | pain, ache, soreness, irritation
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| symptom of microbes in tissue fluids | malaise
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| symptom of chest sounds | fatigue
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| symptom of skin eruption | chest tightness
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| symptom of leukocytosis | itching
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| symptom of leukopenia | headache
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| symptom of swollen lymph nodes | nausea
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| symptom of abscesses | abdominal cramps
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| symptom of tachycardia | anorexia
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| symptom of antibodies in serum | sore throat
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| a natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage; it stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent | inflammation
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| what are the most common symptoms of inflammation | fever, pain, soreness, swelling
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| what are the signs of inflammation | edema, granulomas and abscesses, lymphadenitis
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| walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in the tissues | granulomas and abscesses
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| general term for the site of infection or disease | lesion
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| an increase in the level of WBCs | leukocytosis
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| decrease in the level of WBCs | leukopenia
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| blood infection; microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers | septicemia
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| small numbers of bacteria or viruses are found in the blood; present in the blood but not necessarily multiplying | bacteremia or viremia
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| an infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue | asymptomatic
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| a period of inapparent manifestations that occurs before symptoms and signs of disease appear | subclinial
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| tiny particles of liquid released into the air form | aerosols or droplets
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| what agents leave the host through airborne droplets | tuberculosis, influenza, measles and chickenpox
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| droplets of saliva are the exit route for several viruses including..... | mumps, rabies, infectious mononucleosis
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| the state of being inactive | latency
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| a morbid complication that follows a disease | sequela
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| the natural host or habitat of a pathogen | reservoir
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| the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired | source
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| an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to othrs without any notice | carrier
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| infected, but show no symptoms | asymptomatic carriers
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| person who mechanically transfer a pathogen without ever being infected by it | passive carrier
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| a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another (Ex: fleas, mosquitoes, flies, ticks | vector
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| transports infectious agents and plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen, serving as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle | biological vector
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| an animal that transports an infectious agent but is not infected by it, such as houseflies whose feet become contaminated with feces | mechanical vector
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| an infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals | zoonosis
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| capable of transmitted from one individual to another | communicable infection
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| communicable; transmissible by direct contact with infected people and their fresh secretions or excretions | contagious
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| an infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host | noncommunicable
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| an inanimate material (solid object, liquid, air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens | vehicle
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| an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens | fomite
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| the dried residue of fine droplets produced by mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing | droplet nuclei
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| infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital stay are known as.. | nosocomial infections
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| these are cultured in more than half of patients with nosocomial infections | gram-neg intestinal biota (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas)
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| the study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community | epidemiology
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| the best descriptive term for the resident biota is | commensals
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| resident biota is absent from the | lungs (it is present in the pharynx, intestine, hair follicles)
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| virulence factors include | toxins, enzymes, capsules
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| the specific action of hemolysins is to | damage RBCs
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| the time that lapses between encounted with a pathogen and the first symptoms | period of incubation
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| a short period early in a disease that manifests with general malaise and achiness is the | prodrome
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| a passive animal transporter of pathogens | mechanical vector
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| an example of a noncommunicable infection is | tetanus
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| a positive antibody test for HIV would be a ....of infection | sign
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| T/F: the presence of a few bacteria in the blood is called septicemia | False: it is called bacterium
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| T/F: a subclinical infection is one that is acquired in a hospital or medical facility | False: nosocomial infection
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| T/F: the general tern that describes an increase in the number of WBCs is leukopenia | False: it is leukocytosis
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| short protein molecules found in epithelial cells; have the ability to kill bacteria | antimicrobial peptides
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| what three main categories of microorganisms reside on the skin | diphtheroids, micrococci, yeasts
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| club shaped bacteria that resemble Corynebacterium diphtheriae; they are gram-pos and can be aerobic, aerotolerant, or anaerobic | diphtheroids
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| this is aerotolerant or anaerobic; lives on healthy skin, but its metabolic activities can contribute to the development of acne | Propionibacterium acnes
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| what are some examples of normal biota of the skin | Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Micrococcus, alpha-hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, Candida, Malassezia
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| when the skin swells over a pore leading out of a hair follicle, is is called.... | comedo
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| what is the causative agent for acne.... | Propionibacterium acnes
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| bacterium that is anaerobic or aerotolerant gram-pos rod arranged in short chains or clumps; releases lipase (most important), proteases, neuraminidase, hyaluronidase; secretes a low molecular weight protein that is a strong attractant for WBCs | Propionibacterium acnes
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| is P. acnes normal biota | yes. it is not a transmissible infection
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| what treatment is there for acne | antibiotics (topical or oral): isotretinoin
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| superficial bacterial infection that causes the skin to flake or peel off; highly contagious in children | impetigo
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| looks like peeling skin, crusty and flaky scabs, or honey-colored crusts; found around the mouth, face, and extremities normally; superficial and itches | impetigo
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| what causes impetigo | Staphylococcus aureus
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| this bacteria is a gram-pos coccus that grows in clusters like a bunch of grapes; can cause pneumonias, food poisoning, bone infections, toxic shock syndrome and meningitis | S. aureus
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