ortho 6 pathology
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| Achilles Tendon Rupture | Typically occurs within one to two inches above the tendinous insertion on the calcaneus
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| Achilles Tendon Rupture Incidence is greatest between | 30-50 years of age without history of calf or heel pain
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| Achilles Tendon Rupture Patients | will typically be unable to stand on their toes and tend to exhibit a positive Thompson test
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| Adhesive Capsulitis Occurs | more in the middle-aged population with females having a greater incidence than males
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| Adhesive Capsulitis Arthrogram can | assist with diagnosis by detecting decreased volume of fluid within the joint capsule
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| Adhesive Capsulitis | Range of motion restriction typically in a capsular pattern (lateral rotation, abduction, medial rotation)
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| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain - | Grade III Injury most commonly occurs during hyperflexion, rapid deceleration, hyperextension or landing in an unbalanced position
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| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain - Grade III | Females involved in selected athletic activities have significantly higher ligament injury rates compared to males
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| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain - Grade III Approximately | two-thirds of complete anterior cruciate ligament tears have an associated meniscal tear
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| Bicipital Tendonitis | Increased incidence of injury is associated with selected athletic activities such as baseball pitching, swimming, rowing, gymnastics, and tennis
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| Bicipital Tendonitis Characterized by | subjective reports of a deep ache directly in front and on top of the shoulder made worse with overhead activities or lifting
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| Bicipital Tendonitis Examination may reveal a | positive Speedʼs test or Yergasonʼs test
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Incidence is higher in | females than males with the most common age being from 35-55 years of age
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Muscle atrophy is often noted in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle and later in the thenar muscles
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Electromyography studies, Tinelʼs sign, and Phalenʼs test can be used to assist with confirming the diagnosis
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| Congenital Torticollis | Causes the neck to involuntarily contract to one side secondary to contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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| Congenital Torticollis The head | is laterally flexed toward the contracted muscle, the chin faces the opposite direction, and there may be facial asymmetries
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| Congenital Torticollis Studies indicate that between | 85-90% of patients with congenital torticollis respond to conservative treatment and passive stretching within the first year of life
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| Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Caused by the weakening | of joints that allows for forward slippage of one vertebral segment on the one below due to degenerative changes
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| Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Most common site of degenerative | spondylolisthesis is the L4-L5 level
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| Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Williamʼs flexion exercises may be indicated | to strengthen the abdominals and reduce lumbar lordosis
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| Fibromyalgia Syndrome Nonarticular rheumatic condition with | pain caused by tender points within muscles, tendons, and ligaments
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| Fibromyalgia Syndrome Greater incidence in females | (almost 75% of the cases) potentially affecting any age
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| Fibromyalgia Syndrome Widespread history of pain | that exists in all four quadrants of the body (above and below the waist), axial pain is present, and there is pain in at least 11 of 18 standardized “tender point” sites
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| Lateral Epicondylitis “Tennis Elbow” Characterized by | inflammation or degenerative changes at the common extensor tendon that attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow
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| Lateral Epicondylitis “Tennis Elbow Repeated overuse of the wrist extensors, | particularly the extensor carpi radialis brevis can produce tensile stress and result in microscopic tearing and damage to the extensor tendon
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| Lateral Epicondylitis “Tennis Elbow Clinical symptoms include | difficulty holding or gripping objects and insufficient forearm functional strength
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| Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain – Grade II Grade II | injury is characterized by partial tearing of the ligamentʼs fibers resulting in joint laxity when the ligament is stretched
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| Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain – Grade II Mechanism of injury is | usually a blow to the outside of the knee joint causing excess force to the medial side of the joint
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| Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain – Grade II Return to previous functional level | should occur within four to eight weeks following the injury if no other associated structures are involved
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| Osteoarthritis Degenerative process primarily involving | articular cartilage resulting from excessive loading of a healthy joint or normal loading of an abnormal joint
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| Osteoarthritis Typically diagnosed based on the | results of a clinical examination and x-ray findings
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| Osteoarthritis Prevalence is higher among women | than men with approximately 80-90% of individuals older than 65 years of age demonstrating evidence of osteoarthritis
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| Patellofemoral Syndrome Causes | damage to the articular cartilage of the patella ranging from softening to complete cartilage destruction resulting in exposure of subchondral bone
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| Patellofemoral Syndrome Etiology is | unknown, however, it is extremely common during adolescence, is more prevalent in females than males, and has a direct association with activity level
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| Patellofemoral Syndrome Management | includes controlling edema, stretching, strengthening, improving range of motion, and activity modification
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| Plantar Fasciitis Chronic overuse condition that | develops secondary to repetitive stretching of the plantar fascia through excessive foot pronation during the loading phase of gait
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| Plantar Fasciitis Characterized by severe pain in the heel | when first standing up in the morning (when the fascia is contracted, stiff, and cold)
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| Plantar Fasciitis Intervention consists of | ice massage, deep friction massage, heel insert, orthotic prescription, activity modification, and gentle stretching program of the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia
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| Rotator Cuff Tendonitis Caused by an inability of a weak | supraspinatus muscle to adequately depress the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during elevation of the arm
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| Rotator Cuff Tendonitis Participating in activities that require excessive | overhead activity such as swimming, tennis, baseball, painting, and other manual labor activities increase the risk of rotator cuff tendonitis
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| Rotator Cuff Tendonitis Patient may experience a feeling of | weakness and identify the presence of a painful arc of motion most commonly occurring between 60 and 120 degrees of active abduction
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| Scoliosis Curvature is usually found in the | thoracic or lumbar vertebrae and can be associated with kyphosis or lordosis
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| Scoliosis A patient with scoliosis that ranges between | 25 and 40 degrees requires a spinal orthosis and physical therapy intervention for posture, flexibility, strengthening, respiratory function, and proper utilization of the spinal orthosis
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| Scoliosis Scoliosis does not usually progress significantly | once bone growth is complete if the curvature remains below 40 degrees at the time of skeletal maturity
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| Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Females are at greater risk than | males with the most common age ranging from 20-40 years of age
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| Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Clinical presentation includes | pain (persistent or recurring), muscle spasm, abnormal or limited jaw motion, headache, and tinnitus
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| Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Intervention includes | patient education, posture retraining, and modalities such as moist heat, ice, biofeedback, ultrasound, electrostimulation, TENS, and massage
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| Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients are typically over | 55 years of age and have experienced consistent pain that is not relieved through conservative measures which serve to limit the patientʼs functional mobility
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| Total Hip Arthroplasty Posterolateral approach allows the | abductor muscles to remain intact, however, there may be a higher incidence of post-operative joint instability due to the interruption of the posterior capsule
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| Total Hip Arthroplasty Cemented hip replacement usually allows for | partial weight bearing initially, while a noncemented hip replacement requires toe touch weight bearing for up to six weeks
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| Total Knee Arthroplasty Primary indication for total knee arthroplasty is the | destruction of articular cartilage secondary to osteoarthritis
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| Total Knee Arthroplasty Post-operative care may include a | knee immobilizer, elevation of the limb, cryotherapy, intermittent range of motion using a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine, and initiation of knee protocol exercises
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| Total Knee Arthroplasty Patient education may include items such as | avoiding excessive stress to the knee, avoid squatting, avoid quick pivoting, avoid using pillows under the knee while in bed, and avoid low seating
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| Transfemoral Amputation due to Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma is a | highly malignant cancer that begins in the medullary cavity of a bone and leads to the formation of a mass
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| Transfemoral Amputation due to Osteosarcoma A patient status post transfemoral amputation may present with fatigue, loss of balance, phantom pain or sensation, | hypersensitivity of the residual limb, and psychological issues regarding the loss of the limb
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| Transfemoral Amputation due to Osteosarcoma Lying in a | prone position is beneficial to decrease the incidence of a hip flexion contracture
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| Transtibial Amputation due to Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Arteriosclerosis obliterans results in | ischemia and subsequent ulceration of the affected tissues
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| Transtibial Amputation due to Arteriosclerosis Obliterans A patient status | post transtibial amputation may have a decrease in cardiovascular status depending on the frequency of intermittent claudication experienced prior to the amputation
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| Transtibial Amputation due to Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Preprosthetic intervention should focus on | strength, range of motion, functional mobility, use of assistive devices, desensitization, and patient education for care of the residual limb
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