Worsham Chem Q2
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| number used to represent the number of electrons lost, gained or shared in a chemical change/reaction | oxidation number
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| unreacted elements have oxidation numbers equal to | zero
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| atoms in ionic compounds that lose electrons have, what groups are they | positive oxidation numbers, IA & IIA
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| atoms in ionic compounds that gain electrons have, whar groups are they | negative oxidation numbers, VIA & VIIA
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| what are the 7 nonpolar covalent diatomic molecules, what is their oxidation number | H, O, N, F, Cl, Br, I; zero
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| in polar covalent molecules one atom will acquire a ________ oxidation number and one atom a _________ negative oxidation number | positive, negative
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| in MOST compounds O will have an oxidation number of __ and H __ | -2, +1
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| the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms of the molecule must be zero in | both ionic and covalent compounds
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| metal and nonmetal compounds form an ionic/covalent bonds | ionic
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| covalent bonds are formed by | nonmetal compounds
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| a symbol represents | the name of the element, 1 atom of the element, atomic mass of the element, it is abbreviation for an element
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| Al | aluminum
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| Ar | argon
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| Br | bromine
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| Ca | calcium
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| C | carbon
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| Cl | chlorine
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| Cu | copper
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| F | fluorine
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| He | helium
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| H | hydrogen
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| I | iodine
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| Fe | iron
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| Mg | magnesium
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| Mn | manganese
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| Hg | mercury
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| Ne | neon
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| N | nitrogen
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| O | oxygen
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| P | phosphorus
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| K | potassium
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| Ag | silver
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| Na | sodium
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| S | sulfur
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| Zn | zinc
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| What is a formula | a qualitative and quantitative expression of a compound using symbols and subscripts to indicate the chemical constituents and their respective numbers and represent the abbreviation for a compound
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| 2 or more elements chemically combined in a definite proportion by mass | compounds
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| how are the chemical combination and definite proportion by mass determinded | atomic structure of the elements involved
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| what is the object of formula writing | achieve a noble-gas configuration for each of the elements involved
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| halogens have a common oxidation number of | -1
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| group IA have a common oxidation number of | +1
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| group IIA have a common oxidation number of | +2
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| group VIA have a common oxidation number of | -2
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| what type of metals often have more than one oxidation number | transition metals
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| bivalent | 2 possible oxidation numbers
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| when writing formulas _______ oxidation number comes first, _________ oxidation number is second | positive, negative
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| polyatomic ion | group of atoms that acts as a unit and possesses a charge
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| MOST polyatomic ions are | negative
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| when looking at the charge of a polyatomic ion, you look at the | entire compound as a whole
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| how is Ammonium ion an exception | it is positively charged polyatomic ion
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| NH4 +1 | ammonium ion
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| HCO3 -1 | bicarbonate ion
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| OH -1 | hydroxide ion
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| NO3 -1 | nitrate ion
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| NO2 -1 | nitrite ion
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| CO3 -2 | carbonate ion
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| SO4 -2 | sulfate ion
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| SO3 -2 | sulfite ion
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| PO4 -3 | phophate ion
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| mass of a compound that is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance | molecular mass
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| when naming compounds the ______ is named first and the _______ ____ is named second | metal, polytomic ion
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| what is the only positive polyatomic ion | NH4, has a +1 charge
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| molecular mass of a compound | sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance
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| naming format compounds containing metal and polyatomics ions | metal first, polyatomic ion second
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| naming format compounds containing the ammonium ion & polyatomic ion | ammonioum ion first, neg. ion second
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| Naming format compounds containing a metal & a nonmental | name of the metallic element remains intact, root of the nonmetallic element acquires an ide suffix
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| naming format comounds containing a nonmetal & a nonmetal (covalent) | 1st nonmetallic element intact, add ide to the root of the 2nd nonmetallic element, prefixes are used to indicate more than 1 atom of the nonmetallic element
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| what are the contemporary naming format for the bivalent metals Cu & Fe | Cu(I) & Cu(II) and Fe(II) & Fe(III)
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| what does an equation represent | an abbreviation for a chemical change
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| synthesis reaction | start with 2 reactants and end with 1 product
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| decomposition reaction | start with 1 reactant and end with 2 products
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| reactant are to the _____ of the arrow and products are to the _____ of the arrow | left, right
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| is H2+O2=H2O balanced, if not why | no, should be 2H2+O
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| facts about oxygen | nonmetal, most abundant element on Earth, symbol is O, means "acid former", Group VIA element, 6 valence electrons, oxidation #-2, diatomic molecule
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| physical properties of O | colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, heavier then air, slightly soluble in water
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| chemical properties of O | reacts w/ many substances, reacts w/ many metallic & nonmetallic elements to form oxides, supports combustion, acts as an oxidizing agent
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| 4 definitions of oxidation | 1) addition of oxygen to a substance 2) removal of hydrogen from a substance 3) removal/loss of electrons from a substance 4) increase in oxidation # of a substance
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| 4 definitions of reduction | 1) removal of O from a substance 2) removal of H from a substance 3)addition of electrons 4) decrease in oxidation #
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| oxidizing agent | the substance being reduced in an oxidation-reduction reaction, the simplest form is O
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| reducing agent | the substance being oxidized in an oxidation-reduction reaction, simplest form is H
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| hydrogen is the most abundant element in/on | the universe
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| the atmosphere has very little | free hydrogen
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| most hydrogen occurs in a | combined state
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| info for hydrogen: symbol, formula, atomic #, amu, oxidation # | H, H2, +1, 1, +1
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| physical properties of hydrogen | colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; lighter then air, slightly soluble in water
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| chemical properties of H | burns with a hot blue flame forming water, not combustable, reducing agent
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| what is the most abundant compound | water
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| 75% of Earth is covered by | water
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| water is found in all | humans, plants, animals & bacterial cells
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| water is what type of molecule | bent with 105 degree angle
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| molecular mass of water is | 18amu
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| physical properties of water | colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid; has a heat of fusion and heat of vaporization, specific, very good solvent for many substances
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| water freezes at | 0 degrees C, 32 degrees F, 273K at 1atm pressure
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| water boils at | 100 degrees C, 212 degrees F, 373K at 1atm pressure
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| hydrohen bonding is ________, between | intermolecular attractive force, hydrogen on 1 water molecule & an O atom on another
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| surface tension | the force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract
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| surface-tension reducing agentsn are also called | sufactants; surface active agents; wetting agents
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| chemical properties of water | very stable, chemically reacts w/ Grp. I & IIA metals to liberate H, forms hydrates, enters into hydrolysis reactions
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| water reacts with some metallic oxides to form | bases
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| water reacts with some nonmetallic oxides to form | acids
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| what is the key factor in decomposition & the attemp to arrest decomp | water
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| hard water is considered to be water that contains certain minerals such as | Ca, Mg, Fe(I)
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| hardness of water is divided into how many classes? | 2
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| temporary hardness of water: | can be removed by boiling & is due to the presence of bicarbonate salts Ca & Mg
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| permanent hardness of water: | cannot be removed by boiling & is due to the presence of chloride & sulfate salts of Ca & Mg
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