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Worsham Chem Q2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| number used to represent the number of electrons lost, gained or shared in a chemical change/reaction | oxidation number |
| unreacted elements have oxidation numbers equal to | zero |
| atoms in ionic compounds that lose electrons have, what groups are they | positive oxidation numbers, IA & IIA |
| atoms in ionic compounds that gain electrons have, whar groups are they | negative oxidation numbers, VIA & VIIA |
| what are the 7 nonpolar covalent diatomic molecules, what is their oxidation number | H, O, N, F, Cl, Br, I; zero |
| in polar covalent molecules one atom will acquire a ________ oxidation number and one atom a _________ negative oxidation number | positive, negative |
| in MOST compounds O will have an oxidation number of __ and H __ | -2, +1 |
| the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms of the molecule must be zero in | both ionic and covalent compounds |
| metal and nonmetal compounds form an ionic/covalent bonds | ionic |
| covalent bonds are formed by | nonmetal compounds |
| a symbol represents | the name of the element, 1 atom of the element, atomic mass of the element, it is abbreviation for an element |
| Al | aluminum |
| Ar | argon |
| Br | bromine |
| Ca | calcium |
| C | carbon |
| Cl | chlorine |
| Cu | copper |
| F | fluorine |
| He | helium |
| H | hydrogen |
| I | iodine |
| Fe | iron |
| Mg | magnesium |
| Mn | manganese |
| Hg | mercury |
| Ne | neon |
| N | nitrogen |
| O | oxygen |
| P | phosphorus |
| K | potassium |
| Ag | silver |
| Na | sodium |
| S | sulfur |
| Zn | zinc |
| What is a formula | a qualitative and quantitative expression of a compound using symbols and subscripts to indicate the chemical constituents and their respective numbers and represent the abbreviation for a compound |
| 2 or more elements chemically combined in a definite proportion by mass | compounds |
| how are the chemical combination and definite proportion by mass determinded | atomic structure of the elements involved |
| what is the object of formula writing | achieve a noble-gas configuration for each of the elements involved |
| halogens have a common oxidation number of | -1 |
| group IA have a common oxidation number of | +1 |
| group IIA have a common oxidation number of | +2 |
| group VIA have a common oxidation number of | -2 |
| what type of metals often have more than one oxidation number | transition metals |
| bivalent | 2 possible oxidation numbers |
| when writing formulas _______ oxidation number comes first, _________ oxidation number is second | positive, negative |
| polyatomic ion | group of atoms that acts as a unit and possesses a charge |
| MOST polyatomic ions are | negative |
| when looking at the charge of a polyatomic ion, you look at the | entire compound as a whole |
| how is Ammonium ion an exception | it is positively charged polyatomic ion |
| NH4 +1 | ammonium ion |
| HCO3 -1 | bicarbonate ion |
| OH -1 | hydroxide ion |
| NO3 -1 | nitrate ion |
| NO2 -1 | nitrite ion |
| CO3 -2 | carbonate ion |
| SO4 -2 | sulfate ion |
| SO3 -2 | sulfite ion |
| PO4 -3 | phophate ion |
| mass of a compound that is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance | molecular mass |
| when naming compounds the ______ is named first and the _______ ____ is named second | metal, polytomic ion |
| what is the only positive polyatomic ion | NH4, has a +1 charge |
| molecular mass of a compound | sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance |
| naming format compounds containing metal and polyatomics ions | metal first, polyatomic ion second |
| naming format compounds containing the ammonium ion & polyatomic ion | ammonioum ion first, neg. ion second |
| Naming format compounds containing a metal & a nonmental | name of the metallic element remains intact, root of the nonmetallic element acquires an ide suffix |
| naming format comounds containing a nonmetal & a nonmetal (covalent) | 1st nonmetallic element intact, add ide to the root of the 2nd nonmetallic element, prefixes are used to indicate more than 1 atom of the nonmetallic element |
| what are the contemporary naming format for the bivalent metals Cu & Fe | Cu(I) & Cu(II) and Fe(II) & Fe(III) |
| what does an equation represent | an abbreviation for a chemical change |
| synthesis reaction | start with 2 reactants and end with 1 product |
| decomposition reaction | start with 1 reactant and end with 2 products |
| reactant are to the _____ of the arrow and products are to the _____ of the arrow | left, right |
| is H2+O2=H2O balanced, if not why | no, should be 2H2+O |
| facts about oxygen | nonmetal, most abundant element on Earth, symbol is O, means "acid former", Group VIA element, 6 valence electrons, oxidation #-2, diatomic molecule |
| physical properties of O | colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, heavier then air, slightly soluble in water |
| chemical properties of O | reacts w/ many substances, reacts w/ many metallic & nonmetallic elements to form oxides, supports combustion, acts as an oxidizing agent |
| 4 definitions of oxidation | 1) addition of oxygen to a substance 2) removal of hydrogen from a substance 3) removal/loss of electrons from a substance 4) increase in oxidation # of a substance |
| 4 definitions of reduction | 1) removal of O from a substance 2) removal of H from a substance 3)addition of electrons 4) decrease in oxidation # |
| oxidizing agent | the substance being reduced in an oxidation-reduction reaction, the simplest form is O |
| reducing agent | the substance being oxidized in an oxidation-reduction reaction, simplest form is H |
| hydrogen is the most abundant element in/on | the universe |
| the atmosphere has very little | free hydrogen |
| most hydrogen occurs in a | combined state |
| info for hydrogen: symbol, formula, atomic #, amu, oxidation # | H, H2, +1, 1, +1 |
| physical properties of hydrogen | colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; lighter then air, slightly soluble in water |
| chemical properties of H | burns with a hot blue flame forming water, not combustable, reducing agent |
| what is the most abundant compound | water |
| 75% of Earth is covered by | water |
| water is found in all | humans, plants, animals & bacterial cells |
| water is what type of molecule | bent with 105 degree angle |
| molecular mass of water is | 18amu |
| physical properties of water | colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid; has a heat of fusion and heat of vaporization, specific, very good solvent for many substances |
| water freezes at | 0 degrees C, 32 degrees F, 273K at 1atm pressure |
| water boils at | 100 degrees C, 212 degrees F, 373K at 1atm pressure |
| hydrohen bonding is ________, between | intermolecular attractive force, hydrogen on 1 water molecule & an O atom on another |
| surface tension | the force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract |
| surface-tension reducing agentsn are also called | sufactants; surface active agents; wetting agents |
| chemical properties of water | very stable, chemically reacts w/ Grp. I & IIA metals to liberate H, forms hydrates, enters into hydrolysis reactions |
| water reacts with some metallic oxides to form | bases |
| water reacts with some nonmetallic oxides to form | acids |
| what is the key factor in decomposition & the attemp to arrest decomp | water |
| hard water is considered to be water that contains certain minerals such as | Ca, Mg, Fe(I) |
| hardness of water is divided into how many classes? | 2 |
| temporary hardness of water: | can be removed by boiling & is due to the presence of bicarbonate salts Ca & Mg |
| permanent hardness of water: | cannot be removed by boiling & is due to the presence of chloride & sulfate salts of Ca & Mg |
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