General Science
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| Chemistry | The study of materials and their interactions:organized study of the composition of matter
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| Matter | The substance of the physical world and the interactions of matter with matter:occupies space,has inertia:cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary conditions,it only changes form
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| Inertia | The property of resisting changes in motion.object at rest tends to remain at rest until some force causes it to move: directly related to the mass of the object
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| Mass | Quantity of matter the object contains.the greater the mass the greater the inertia
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| Three Basic States that matter ordinarily exists | 1.solid
2.liquid
3.gas
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| PLASMA | A hot gas in which atoms are broken down into charged particles
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| Weight | Measure of the gravitational force (downward pull of planet) on the object
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| John Dalton's Atomic Theory part 1 | 1.every element consists of tiny particles called atoms
2.All atoms of particular element have the same properties
3.Different elements have different properties because their atoms are different
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| John Dalton's Atomic Theory part 2 | 1.Atoms of different elements can combine in a specific way to form compounds
5.Chemical processes are the result of the rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms
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| Atomic Theory of Matter | The foundation of our understanding of matter
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| Atoms | small particles which matter is consisted of,from a Greek word meaning "not cuttable "
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| Elements | substances which are composed of a single type of atom; also known as the building blocks of all substances in the univers
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| Compounds | substances composed of more than one type of atom linked together
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| Molecule | Group of atoms linked together;both elements and compounds may be composed of molecules
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| Chemical Symbol | A unique abbreviation for each element is based on either common name or Latin name of the element
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| Brownian Motion | Random movement of particles
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| Kinetic theory of matter | Molecules of matter are in constant motion; the higher one's temperature is,the faster the atoms
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| Diffusion | occurs in one direction, from higher concentration to lower concentration
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| semipermeable | Allows substances to diffuse through them but not other substances: they are porous but close-knit molecular structure that allows small molecules to pass through but not large ones
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| Osmosis | One-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane:occurs from higher concentrations to lower concentrations:very important process in living things:cells of plants,animals,and people regulate water balance by osmosis
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| What two main categories is chemistry divided to? | Organic and Inorganic chemistry
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| What are atoms composed of? | subatomic particles
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| List the five subatomic particles | 1.proton
2.neutron
3.quarks
4.electrons
5.neutrinos
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| Nucleus | Atom's dense core which is made up of protons and neutrons
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| Protons | subatomic particles which carry a positive electrical charge; also part of the nucleus;also known as the atomic number
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| neutrons | subatomic particles which are neither positive nor negative
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| Atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus
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| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons
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| Quarks | building blocks which the proton and neutron are composed of:two of them the up quark,which has an electrical charge 2/3 positive while the down quark has an electrical charge of -1/3 negative
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| Electron | third component of the atom,found outside of the nucleus and carries a negative charge equal in strength to a proton but 1836 times smaller than proton but not composed of smaller particles and orbit far from nucleus;atom is mostly empty space
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| electron shells | orbits which help the electrons circle the nucleus super fast and can hold a certain number of electrons and farther orbits hold more electrons than the innermost orbit
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| Energy levels | another name for electron shells because the electrons in higher shells have more energy than those in lower shells
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| Show how many electrons each orbit contains | levels:K,designation:1,max:2
L 2 8
M 3 18
N 4 32
O 5 50
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| ion | atom which develops an electrical charge by either losing or gaining electrons
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| Cation | positive ions
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| anion | negative ions
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| When a substance consist of ions it is said to be | ionized
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| electron neutrino(Neutrino) | a interesting and puzzling subatomic particle that is related to the electron but no electric charge and little mass:produced in certain types of nuclear reactions: since they no charge pass through electron shells of atoms unaffected
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| Quantum theory | tiny particles such as electrons do not absorb/release energy in a smooth flow
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| Quantum | a packet where energy is always absorbed or released
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| Quantum jump | when an electron changes energy levels,change shells or orbits when they gain or lose energy
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| Bohr model | most familiar model of the atom,pictures a nucleus of protons and neutrons that move in circular orbits at specific energy levels
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| Wave-mechanical model | model of atom that pictures electrons as waves circling the nucleus at specific energy levels
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| Heisenberg uncertainty principle | principle of physics stating that it is highly impossible to determine the position and velocity of a subatomic particle simultaneously
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| Electron-cloud model(quantum mechanical model) | Model of atom that pictures a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons,in which density of the cloud at a given point represents the probability of finding an electron at that point
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| Quantum numbers | numbers that describe its shell/energy level,shape of its orbital(spherical,dumbbell,or cloverleaf),the orientation of orbital in space(vertically, horizontally or diagonally positioned) and spin(either clockwise or counterclockwise)
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| Mass number | atoms number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
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| atomic mass unit(amu) | unit of average atomic mass,equal to exactly 1/12 of the mass of an carbon atom
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| atomic mass | average mass(number of protons and neutrons)of various isotopes of an element compared to the mass of a carbon- 12 atom
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| When an atomic nucleus breaks up or undergoes a change,it gives off what? | nuclear radiation
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| Any substance that is unstable(and thus liable to produce radiation) it is | RADIOACTIVE
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| Half life | length of time it takes for 1/2 of the original substance to decay to a new substance(radium- 226 to radon-222)
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| Radioactive decay | when an atomic nucleus breaks up or changes,emitting radiation
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| two types of radioactive decay | alpha particle and beta particle
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| alpha decay | type of radioactive decay in which an unstable atom ejects a clump of two protons and two neutrons
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| Beta decay | type of radioactive decay in which a neutron in the nucleus of an unstable atom changes into a proton and emits an electron in the process
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| Gamma radiation | Most powerful form of electromagnetic radiation,consisting of electromagnetic waves of extremely high frequency and energy and great penetrating ability
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| NUCLEAR FISSION | the process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more pieces,releasing energy
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| Chain reaction | In nuclear physics,a process by which one atom undergoes nuclear fission, releasing neutrons which split other atoms,which split other atoms
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| Critical mass | the amount of fissionable material that must be present in order for a chain reaction to take place
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| nuclear reactor | a device that uses a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction to produce useful energy
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| breeder reactors | a nuclear reactor that uses excess neutrons to change unfissionable uranium- 238 into fissionable plutonium- 239,thereby producing more nuclear fuel than it uses
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| Chernobyl | a place in Russia where the worst nuclear accident happened thanks to a unsafe reactor and soviets conducting an unauthorized experiment
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| Nuclear Fusion | the process in which two small atomic nuclei are joined to form a larger nucleus,releasing energy
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| hydrogen bomb | most powerful bomb ever known,uses nuclear fusion to release a tremendous amount of energy
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| thermonuclear reactions | names that nuclear fusion reactors are sometimes described
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| All atoms seek to have what? | 8 electrons in the outermost shell
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| Alkali metals | a group of very soft,shiny metals with low melting points that belong to Group IA of the periodic table
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| alkaline earth metals | group of metals belonging to group IIA of the periodic table, harder and denser than alkali metals but softer and less dense than most metals
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| Transition metals | transition metals belonging to groups IB to VIIIB of the periodic table
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| Inner transition metals | a group of mostly radioactive elements located between groups IIIB and IVB of the periodic table
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| Halogens | salt formers because they easily combine with IA to IIA metals to form salts
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| Noble gases | All have similar properties,all are gases and all are found in nature in their pure states,all have 8 electrons in outer shell
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| Can a nuclear reactor explode like an atomic bomb?why? | No;a chain reaction occurs gradually in a mixture of U-235 and U-238
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| What is another name for nuclear fusion reactions | thermonuclear reactions
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| What does the periodic law state | When elements are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers,they show regular and repeating properties
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| What is a group in the periodic table? | a vertical column consisting of elements with the same number of valence electrons
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| Name two examples of alkaline earth metals? | beryllium,magnesium,calcium,strontium,barium,or radium
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| Name three well-known gases | helium,neon,argon,krypton,xenon,or radon
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| physical properties | properties of substance which can be observed or measured without changing
substance into a different substance
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| chemical properties | properties of substances determine how substance reacts with other substances to form new substances
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| chemical change | change that occurs when two or more substances unite or break apart chemically
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| elements are | most basic components of physical world around us.Elements are not always found as single atoms;several elements exist naturally in molecules
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| molecules | groups of two or more atoms that are linked together by chemical bonds
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| buckminsterfullerene | C60
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| compounds are | composed of different types of atoms linked together;compounds are thus combinations of two or more kinds of elements
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| molecular mass | sum of atomic masses of all atoms in molecule,stated in atomic mass units
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| pure substances | elements and compounds
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| mixtures | two or more elements or compounds physically mixed but not chemically combined
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| solution | uniform mixture which one substance dissolved in another substance
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| colloid | mixture containing tiny clumps or particles that remain suspended within mixture
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| formulas | in chemistry,a combination of chemical symbols and numbers showing the type and number of atoms in each unit of compound
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| molecular formula | type of formula that gives the number
of each type of atom in molecule
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| structural formula | type of formula showing the general arrangement of atoms in molecule; most informative type of formula
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| empirical formula | type of formula that gives only the simplest ratio of atom in molecule
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| chemical bonds | force of attraction that holds atoms together in a molecule or ionic crystal
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| covalent bond | chemical bond resulting from sharing of valence electrons between atoms
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| single bond | type of covalent bond in which only pair of electrons is shared between atoms
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| double bond | type of covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between
atoms
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| triple bond | type of covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between
atoms
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| nonpolar covalent bond | when both atoms have the same strength of electrical attraction for shared electrons
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| polar covalent bond | atom with stronger attraction tends to pull the shared electrons toward itself
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| dipole molecule | molecule having two oppositely charged ends or "poles",as result of polar covalent bond
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| ionic bond | type of chemical bond in which positively charged ions are electrically attracted to negatively charged ions
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| ionic crystals | orderly geometric arrangement of ions held together by universal electrical attraction
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| formula unit | simplest ratio of ions in ionic compound or crystal
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| intermolecular forces | the forces of adhesion and cohesion between molecules that bind them together to form larger objects
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| three types of intermolecular force | London force, dipolar forces,hydrogen
bonds
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| dipolar force | intermolecular force that exists between polar(dipolar) molecules
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| London force | weak intermolecular force exists between all molecules;caused by temporary imbalance in electron distribution
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| hydrogen bond | strong intermolecular force that exists between atoms of compounds in which hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to certain larger
atoms
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| crystalline solids | solid which atoms are arranged in regular three dimensional pattern
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| amorphous solids | without form;referring to a solid,in which molecules are not arranged in a orderly,repeating pattern
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| melting point | temperature which molecules of a solid break loose from their rigid intermolecular bonds and flow freely over one another forming a liquid
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| boiling point | the point at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure above it, allowing the liquid to boil
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| vapor pressure | the tendency of molecules of a liquid to evaporate at a given temperature
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| the boiling point of a liquid is | the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure above the liquid
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| in critical temperature | water cannot exist in the liquid state, but behaves as a gas regardless of the pressure
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| molecular mass | the sum of the atomic mass of all atoms in a molecule,stated in atomic mass units
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| the vapor pressure and boiling point of a substance depend primarily upon two factors | molecular mass of its molecules and the type of the intermolecular forces that bind molecules together
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| solubility | ability of one substance to be dissolved in another substance
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| solute | the substance that dissolves
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| solvent | the substance into which the solute dissolves
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| substances with polar molecules are | dissolved by solvents with polar molecules
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| nonpolar substances are | dissolved into nonpolar solvents
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| insoluble | describing a substance is not readily dissolved by a given solvent
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