Final Exam
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| Philosophy is best defined as | the discipline that teaches us how to articulate, hold, and defend our beliefs.
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| Part of the task of philosophy is to | arrive at general truths about almost everything.
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| The method of philosophy is | to proceed rationally through reasoning and argumentation.
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| An argument is best defined as | a set of propositions from which a view may arise or be defended.
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| An argument can be divided into | premises and conclusion.
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| A deductive argument can be distinguished from an inductive argument because | only a deductive argument can guarantee the truth of its conclusion.
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| What is a valid argument? | The impossibility of having true premises and a false conclusion
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| A sound argument is a valid argument with | all true premises.
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| Claiming that Nietzsche’s philosophical views are wrong because he died in an insane asylum is an example of |
ad hominem.
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| Claiming that Kant’s philosophical views are correct because only his views are endorsed by the Critique of Pure Reason by Kant, is an example of | begging the question.
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| According to your text and study guide, what is the goal of metaphysics? | To ask and attempt to answer the most basic questions about the universe
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| The word metaphysics comes from two Greek words meaning | placed beyond the physics.
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| Ontology is best defined as | the study of being as such.
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| Cosmology is best defined as | the study of the universe.
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| Which issues would one most likely encounter in ontology? | Change and individuation
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| Which of the following is the origin of substance? | Two Latin words meaning to stand under
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| In philosophy, substance can be used in all the following ways except | to indicate accumulated wealth.
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| Philosophically speaking, to what do accidents refer? | Those things said of a substance which are not essential
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| A fairly close synonym for accidents is | features
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| Two early modern philosophers who focused on the independence of substance were | Leibniz and Spinoza.
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| Plato’s theory of metaphysics can be described as two-tiered, the two tiers being | being and becoming.
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| In Plato’s allegory of the cave, the sun serves as a metaphor for what? | The form of the good
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| What is the best way in which to think of a Platonic form? | As a pattern
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| Learning, for Plato, amounts to | recollection
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| What are innate ideas? | Remains of what we knew of the forms before we were born
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| Aristotle’s ontology consists in | ten categories—one of substance, nine of attributes
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| What, for Aristotle, is a secondary substance? | Something like a genus or species
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| What are Aristotle’s four kinds of cause? | Efficient, material, formal, and final
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| What is a telos? | A goal or purpose
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| What is the logical tool Aristotle invented to help him do ontology? | Syllogism
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| Fatalism is the view that | certain events are decreed for individual humans and will come to pass without respect to antecedent conditions.
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| According to the study guide, there are at least this many levels of predestination: | four
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| A paradox is best defined as | a self-contradictory conclusion drawn from seemingly acceptable premises.
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| What is the first premise in the paradox of freedom? | All human behavior is causally determined
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| What is the second premise in the paradox of freedom? | Man is morally responsible for some of his behavior
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| What is the third premise in the paradox of freedom? | Man is never morally responsible for behavior which is causally determined.
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| The best definition for causal determinism is that | every event has a sufficient natural cause
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| How does hard determinism solve the paradox of freedom? | By accepting premises 1 and 3 but rejecting 2
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| How does soft determinism solve the paradox of freedom? | By accepting premises 1 and 2 but rejecting 3
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| What is a compatibilist? | One who holds that moral responsibility and causal determination are compatible
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| Which premise of the paradox of freedom would a compatibilist definitely reject? |
_____________________________________________________________________
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| The existentialist solution to the paradox of freedom is best characterized as | humans as agents must be regarded as free
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| Who said, “Man’s life is a line that nature commands him to describe upon the surface of the earth, without his ever being able to swerve from it…”? | d'Holbach
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| Hume would best be considered | a soft determinist
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| Mill and d’Holbach would probably disagree with one another | on human moral responsibility
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| A soft determinist would probably define freedom as | a power of acting or not acting according to the determinations of the will.
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| Aristotle defines a compulsory act as | an act whose origin is from outside the agent
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| Skinner’s attitude toward hard determinism may best be characterized as | optimistic
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| Who said, “I am responsible for everything, in fact, except for my very responsibility”? | Sartre
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| Burgess worries about determinism because | it robs man of the choice to be good.
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| What is the problem of self-identity? | What makes a person the same person over time
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| What does Descartes mean when he claims that the soul is unextended? | The soul is not in space.
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| This is False of Locke’s memory theory of self-identity except that | consciousness is irrelevant to self-identity.
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| What does Hume mean by a bundle? | A bundle of ideas and impressions
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| Which of the following is a problem for the body theory of self-identity? | The body changes over time.
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| Which of the following is a problem for the no-self view of self-identity? | It is contradicted whenever we refer to “ourselves.”
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| Descartes’ two substances are | unextended mind and extended body.
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| How does dualism contrast with monism with respect to persons? | Dualism hold that there are two substances, monism only one
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| According to your study guide, which philsopher first posed the problem of interaction for Descartes' view? | Hobbes
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| Descartes dealt with the problem of interaction by positing that interaction occurred in | the pineal gland.
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| Which of the following most nearly represents Spinoza's view of mind and body? | Mind and body are two attributes of the one substance, GOD
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| What is occasionalism? | The view that God directly causes interaction on the occasion of a mental event
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| Who holds the theory of pre-established harmony? | Leibniz
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| Epiphenomenalism contends that | the body can act on the mind, but the mind cannot act on the body
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| The logical behaviorist would contend that | mental terms really express dispositions to act in certain ways
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| Which of the following philosophers would most nearly agree with logical behaviorism? | Ryle
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| The mind/brain identity theory states that | The mind is the same as the brain
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| Shaffer argues against Smart's view of the mind on the ground that | mental events are not in space, but physical events are
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| What does Leibniz's law of the indiscernibility of identicals claim? | If two things are identical, they must have all properties in common
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| What does eliminative materialism hold? | Mental talk is just a holdover from folk psychology
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| Epistemology is best defined as | the theory of knowledge
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| The word epistemology is derived from two Greek words meaning | the study of exact knowledge
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| A skeptic is one who denies | the possibility of knowledge
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| Knowledge is best defined as | justified, true, belief
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| What does Descartes mean by cogito? | I think that is, experience cognitive activity
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| In the last state of his doubting, what does Descartes posit as a possible reason for his deception? | An evil demon
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| At the end of his argument, Descartes declares that there is one thing he cannot doubt, and which serves as a bedrock truth. What is it? | His existence
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| What does Descartes consider the ultimate guarantor of human knowledge? | God
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| For Descartes, when is an intutition most likely to be wrong? | When not clearly and distinctly perceived
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| What is a rationalist? | One who holds that knowledge can be had apart from experience
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| What beliefs did Descartes hold concerning innate ideas?. | We are born with them
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| What is Descartes doing with his wax example? | He is trying to prove that we can know some things apart from experience by an intuition of the mind.
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| What is direct realism? | The view that the external world is perceived directly
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| Another name for direct realism is | naive realism
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| Representational realism is the view that | perceptions are in our minds, but are perceptions of the external world.
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| Phenomenalism differs from representational realism in that | it claims that our perceptions do not necessarily correspond to the external world.
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| Why does Descartes believe in the reality of the external world? | Because he thinks denying it entails the God is a deceiver
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| Solomon points out that Descartes' arguments concerning the possibility of human knowledge in the Meditations are sometimes criticized as being | begging the question
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| A major problem with Descartes' argument is that | he seems to assume God in order to prove God.
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| Another point of Cartesian epistemology often attacked is | the view concerning innate ideas
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| Which philosopher argues against innate ideas? | Locke
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| Which philosopher replies to the arguments against innate ideas? | Leibniz
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| What is empiricism? | The view that knowledge is founded on sensory experience
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| What does Locke mean when he compares the mind to a tabula rasa? | The mind is like a blank sheet of paper-it has no content initially.
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| What are primary qualities? | Powers in bodies which produce ideas in our minds representing real features of that body
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| Name a primary quality | Shape
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| Most empiricists locate secondary qualities in the perceiver because | their subjective nature so dictates
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| name a secondary quality | Touch
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| What does Locke call substance? | Something; I know not what
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| Why can Locke's epistemological views be criticized as impure? | Because, contrary to his thesis, he posits entities by intuition
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| What does Berkely mean by "Esse est aut percipi aut percipere"? | If it is neither perceived nor perceiving, it does not exist
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| Why is Berkeley called an objective realist | He is not called an objective realist
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| What allows Berkeley to account for different perceivers sharing common experiences of objects? | God
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| Which of the following are accepted by both Locke and Berkeley? | The Self
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| What is Hume's fork? | His division between relations of ideas and matters of fact
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| Whcih of the following pairs of view most nearly coincide with Hume's? | Empiricism and phenomenalism
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| On what does Hume ground matter-of-fact reasoning? | Cause/effect relations
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| What does Hume regard as foundational for our notion of causation? | Experience
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| Why does Hume consider Induction worthless | he doesnt
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| On which of the following do Berkeley and Hume differ? | Belief in God
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| How is morality best defined? | A basic set of rules governing actions
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| How is ethics best define | The study of moral principles
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| Cultural relativism claims that | different moralities are observed by different cultures
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| Ethical relativism | any morality is as correct as any other.
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| Ethical absolutism | better than ethical relativism, since it is not self refuting.
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| Psychological egoism | claims that we always act out of self-interest
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| Ethical egoism claims that | we ought to act for ourselves
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| Ethical altruism is probably most consistent with | psychological egoism
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| Ethical altruism claims that we ought to | act in the interest of others as well as self
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| A problem for the God command theory of ethics is that | disputes arise concerning God's will
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| A philospher who accepts the conscience theory of morality is | Rosseau
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| How does Aristotle define virtue? | A habit or trained faculty whos characteristic is moderation
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| According to Aristotle, what do we choose for itself, but not for the safe of something else? | Happiness
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| According to Aristotle, which of the following actions/passions admits of no mean? | Envy
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| According to aRistole, what are the extremes of the virtue of wittiness? | Buffoonery and boorishness
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| Which of the following people would be happiest in Aristotle's estimation? | The Philospher
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| According to Hume, morality is determined by | sentiment
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| Hume contends that morality would lose it regulatory force on human conduct if we were to lose two qualities. What are they? | 1. warm feelings for virtue
2. disgust for vice
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| Which of the following statements most nearly reflects Rosseau's attitude toward psychological egoism and original sin? | He probably rejects both
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| What does Rosseau call the devine instinct, immortal voice from heaven? | The Conscience
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| What does Kant consider to be the one thing in the world, or even out of it, which is unqualified good? | A good will
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| From which Greek word is deontological derived? | Dein
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| According to Kant, why should we do our duty? | Because it is our duty
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| How does Kant define duty? | the necessity for acting out of respect for the law
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| What is Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative? | Act only on that maxim where you can, at the same time, will that it should be ca universal law
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| What is Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative? | So act as to treat humanity, whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end, never as a means
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| What name does Kant give to a subject principle of action? | A Maxim
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| Why does Kant feel that suicide is wrong? | Because it treats someone as a means to escape painful circumstances
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| Why does Kant feel that making a false promise is wrong? | Because it would make promising contradictory if it became a universal law of nature
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| What criticism did Mill lodge against Kant's ethics? | Kantian ethics seem deontological but his arguments amount to consequentialism
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| Why are utilitarian ethics usually considered consequentialist? | Because utilitarian ethics ar econcerned with outcomes
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| What is hedonism? | The claim that pleasure is the ultimate good
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| What are the two sovereign masters under which, according to Bentham, nature has placed mankind? | Pleasure and pain
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| What is another name for the happiness calculus? | The felicific calculator
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| Whis is the principle of utility? | That principle which approves or disapproves of every action according to the tendency which it appears to have to increase or decrease happiness.
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| What are the four circumstances that Bentham identifies as affecting the value of a pleasure or pain in the first instance? | 1. Intensity
2. Duration
3. Certainty
4. Propinquity
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| What are the two circumstances that Bentham identifies as affecting the value of a pleasure or pain in subsequent instances? | Purity and Fecundity
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| What does Bentham mean by the duration of a pain? | the length of time the pain lasts
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| What does Mill consider a higher pleasure? | one which almost all who have experience with it prefer
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| What word does Bentham and Mills NOT use as a synonym for pleasure? | Joy
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| One difference between dogmatic and natural theology is that | domatic theology depends on revelation, but natural theology does not.
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| Besides dogmatic and natural, another division of theology is | mystical
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| In philosophy, one who doubts whether or not God exists is called an | Agnostic
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| A deist hold that God | is unconcerned with human beings
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| A pantheist holds that God | is identical to the universe
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| A theist would conceive of God as | possessing personal aspects
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| Anselm defines God as | that than which nothing greater can be thought
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| How does anselm claim that the fool can say in his heart what cannot be though? | he distinguishes thinking of a thing from thinking of words
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| Another philosopher who uses the ontological proof is | Descartes
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| Gaunilo objects to the ontological proof because | the same argument could be used to prove a perfect island
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| kant objects to the ontological proof because | existence is not a real property
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| A cosmological proof differs from an ontological proof in that | an ontological proof is a priori; a cosmological proof is a not
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| St. Thomas's first proof is | dependent on the concept of motion
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| An objection to Thoma's first proof is that | it is not impossible to have an infinite series of movers
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| St. Thomas's second proof is | a cosmological proof
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| In st.Thomas's third proof, he | distiguishes necessary from contingent being.
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| St. Thomas's firth proof is | a teleological proof
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| How does Hume argue against Thomas's firth proof? | By arguing from the imperfections of the world
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| What does Kant call his assertion about God? | A postulate of practical reason
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| Two attributes of God questioned by the problem of evil are | power and goodness
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| An attempt to explain the presence of evil and suffering in the world is called | theodicy
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| One traditional reply to the problem of evil is | to account for evil as a result of misuse of free will
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| Augustine considers corruptible objects | of limited goodness
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| According to Augustine, for god, | evil does not exist.
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| In Augustine's view, if something is deprived of all good, | it becomes nonexistent
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| How does Augustine account for the origin of evil? | from a misuse of free will
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| Bayle contends that | free will is not a good gift
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| Bayle likens God to all the following, except | a sea captain who allows a sailor to get drunk so he may punish him
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| Bayle considers evil | a result of God's will
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| In the except from Dostoyevsky, Ivan exemplifies unjust suffering by relating a story of | a child torn to pieces by a general's dogs
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| Kierkegaard likens the motivation for accepting Christianity to | a leap of faith
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| In Dostoyevsky's story of the Grand Inquisitor, whom does the Grand Inquisitor threaten to have burned at the stake? | Jesus
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| Leibniz likens evil to | dark patches in a painting.
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| Marx considers religion | a human invention
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| Nietzche considers the New Testament as | a sing against the spirit
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| Nietzche considers Christianity as | siding with the weak and base
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| What does Nietzsche mean by "God is dead"? | The concept of the Christian God is not worthy of belief
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| Freud considers religion as | wish fulfillment
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| Freud argues that an illusion is derived from | human wishes
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