Music History Test 4 Chapters 29-31
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| 1. How is the word “Baroque” generally used? How do critics apply the term? | show 🗑
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| 2. What was the original sense of the word Baroque, and when did it take on a positive meaning? (Give the time frame, not the events surrounding it, please.) | show 🗑
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| 3. Baroque art coincides roughly with what political age? What is the meaning of the political term? | show 🗑
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| show | Much Baroque are, architecture and music came into being to reflect and extend their absolute power.
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| show | French King Louis XIV (1638-1715) built the palace of Versailles of which several thousand court functionaries.
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| 6. What was a general difference between instrumental music of the Renaissance and instrumental music of the Baroque era? | show 🗑
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| show | Grand or colossal Baroque
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| show | These artists and composers filled their artwork with engergetic figures and were normally large-scale
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| 9. What was the most progressive genre of music in the late 1500s? | show 🗑
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| show | A war of words over what was more important, music or text was the topic. Monteverdi was on the seconda pratica (text driven approach) and prima pratica, mainly the church style that dutifully followed the traditional rules of linear counterpoint
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| show | Stile antico (Old or traditional style) which refers to the conservative church style.
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| show | Stile moderno (Modern Style) which was the newer idea.
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| 13. Where did Monteverdi and his colleagues get the idea that music might have the power to move the soul? | show 🗑
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| 14. Give a summary of the Doctrine of Affections. What are five of the affections? | show 🗑
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| 15. The early Baroque period saw a shift in emphasis in vocal music. What was the shift? | show 🗑
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| 16. What is the literal meaning of the term monody, and to what genres does it refer? 3 | show 🗑
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| 17. Early Baroque music has an essentially different orientation from Renaissance music. How are the two different? *Renaissance | show 🗑
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| 17. Early Baroque music has an essentially different orientation from Renaissance music. How are the two different? *Baroque | show 🗑
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| 18. If music of the Renaissance was created horizontally, how was music of the early Baroque conceived? | show 🗑
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| 19. “Basso continuo” is an Italian term. What is its English equivalent? | show 🗑
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| show | Linear bass instrument and chordal instrument
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| show | While one performer played the written bass line, another played a harmony above the bass on a chord-producing instrument. Figured bass – a numerical shorthand with the bass line that tells the player which unwritten notes to fill in above the written bas
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| 22. How are modal polyphony and harmony generally different from tonal polyphony and harmony? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. loud against soft
2. winds against strings
3. soloist against chorus
4. major against minor
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| show | Emerging Opera
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| 25. What three traits characterize the arts in the Baroque era? | show 🗑
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| 1. When did western opera emerge? | show 🗑
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| show | Opera literally means “work”. The Italian phrase opera drammatica in musica (a dramatic work, or play, set to music)
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| 3. What is a libretto? | show 🗑
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| 4. What arts often combine in opera? | show 🗑
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| 5. Where did opera first appear in Western culture? | show 🗑
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| 6. Why did most early operas use a story drawn from mythology? | show 🗑
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| show | Textual scholar Girolamo Mei (1519-1594) and musician-scientist Vincenzo Galilei (c1528-1591). They met in the home of Count Giovanni Bardi (1534-1612) discussed literature and science.
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| show | Father of the famous astronomer Galileo Galilei
2. He was one of the earliest to advocate equal temperament as most practical way of dealing with tuning in music
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| show | first to argue for a new style of solo singing as stated in his Dialogo della musica antica, et della moderna (Dialogue on Ancient and Modern Music, 1581)
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| 9. What common purpose did the camerata share | show 🗑
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| show | Dramatic style or theater style. It was a vocal expression somewhere between song and declaimed speech.
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| show | A sung play within a play. Each intermedio was fully sung, yet each was an isolated dramatic scene; they did not form a unified sung drama.
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| show | Jacopo Peri created the first true opera, Dafne (1598).
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| 13. Give the title and composer of the first completely preserved opera. Include its date. Why was the story important? | show 🗑
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| show | The composer drives through lines of text with queickly repeating pitches. At strategic moments usually at ends of lines where rhyming words appear, he underscores the text through long notes. The bass moves more rapidly or slowly as the text requires.
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| 15. What are monody and stile rappresentativo? | show 🗑
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| show | Le nuove musiche (The New Music, 1602). What is truly new about it is Caccini’s description of the vocal techniques that grace his monodies.
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| show | . Esclamazioni—Exclamations
2. Passaggi—running scales
3. Trillo—repeating percussive effect placed on a single pitch
4. Gruppo—the counterpart of our modern neighbor-note trill
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| show | Literal Meaning: a “touched thing”
Toccata: an instrument piece, for keyboard or other instruments, requiring the performer to touch the instrument with great technical dexterity.
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| 19. Why did Monteverdi want his toccata to be played three times? List the purpose of each. | show 🗑
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| show | Choral songs, choral dances, instrumental dances, instrumental interludes, and solo singing of various kinds. The accompanied solo singing, the monody, is stylistically the most progressive music and he saves it for dramatic high points of the opera.
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| show | (Recited style). Recitative is musically heightened speech.
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| 22. What is recitative semplice? Describe it, but include the literal meaning of the term. | show 🗑
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| 23. Describe arioso style. Be thorough in your description. | show 🗑
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| show | Changing rhythms of speech, and bitter harmonies to intensify the hero’s grief.
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| show | Italian for “song” or “ayre,” is more florid, more expansive, and more melodious than recitative or arioso. Occasionally, an aria is set for two or three singers.
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| show | An aria invariably sets a short poem made up of several stanzas. In face, a closed strophic poem created by the librettist became a cue to the composet to create a lyrical aria.
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| 27. What is a strophic variation aria, and why did composers use the form? | show 🗑
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| 28. How is accompaniment for an aria different from accompaniment for a recitative? | show 🗑
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| show | The printer is still making use of single-impression printing, a technique developed in Paris nearly a hundred years earlier. This accounts for the “wavy” lines on the staves.
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| 30. How did Monteverdi use the different styles of monody to highlight dramatic events in Orfeo? | show 🗑
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| 31. What was the most prestigious music job in all of Italy? Include the Italian title of the job with its English translation. 2 | show 🗑
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| show | it was the enterprise of wealthy merchant families a way to make money. The patrician families of Venice created theaters especially for opera. The audience was a fee-paying crowd of as many as 1,500 drawn from a cross section of society: merchants, soldi
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| 33. The public nature of opera in Venice led to changes. What changes were there for singers? What changes were there to the libretto and music? *singers | show 🗑
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| 33. The public nature of opera in Venice led to changes. What changes were there for singers? What changes were there to the libretto and music? *libretto | show 🗑
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| 34. Which opera by which composer is considered by many to be the greatest opera of the 17th century? Give its full original title as well as its English translation. How does its subject matter differ from earlier operas? | show 🗑
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| 35. Many musical changes took place between the time of Monteverdi’s early operas and his last one. Which change is most important? | show 🗑
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| show | Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676) and follower Antonio Cesti (1623-1669)
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| show | Fewer choruses and instrumental interludes and more arias for the star singers. They distinguished more clearly between the recitative and the aria. More emphasis was made on solo singing in opera, more and longer arias, and more vocal display.
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| show | Trumpet
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| 1. Where was the focus of civic life in Venice in the 17th century? | show 🗑
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| 2. What are the literal and practical meanings of the term cori spezzati? | show 🗑
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| 3. Venice was at the forefront of several industries. What were they? What musical instruments were built there? Be as complete as your text is. | show 🗑
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| 4. What is the English translation of stile concertato? How is the term generally used? | show 🗑
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| show | Concerti …continenti musica di chiesa (Concertos … containing church music) was written by Andrea Gabrieli (1533-1585) and his nephew Giovanni.
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| show | They avoided complex counterpoint and quick harmonic changes in favor of short units of homophonic declamation in which the text is clearly audible. Textual clarity is particularly important in large, stone building such as St. Mark’s which, then and now,
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| 7. Complete by typing in the blanks: Giovanni Gabrieli became the first composer in the history of music to indicate ____ in a musical score. Specifically, his ____ requires the instruments to play soft and loud at various times. | show 🗑
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| show | Specify the instruments in the score.
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| show | Claudio Monteverdi
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| 10. Why does Monteverdi’s secular music survive when his sacred music is lost? | show 🗑
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| show | In the later Venetian madrigals, however, instruments appear, and textures and timbres are strongly contrasting; all are characteristics of the concerted madrigals.
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| 12. What is stile concitato, and what did Monteverdi do to create it? | show 🗑
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| 13. What became the primary genre of vocal chamber music in the Baroque era? What is the literal meaning of the term? | show 🗑
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| show | It was usually performed before a select group of listeners in private residence.
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| show | Bach and his gellow German composers
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| 16. What is a basso ostinato, and what function did it serve in the mid 17th century? | show 🗑
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| show | Ciaconna (called chaconne in French) and passacaglia.
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| show | Four-note descending passacaglia bass regulates the flow of most of the piece. Such descending tetrachordal figures, almost always in triple meter, are common in the Baroque period.
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| 19. “Thus in a cantata, stile concertato is effected not so much by alternating units of contrasting timbres, but rather by changing to distinctly different vocal styles.” What does this statement mean, i.e. what two styles are alternated? | show 🗑
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| 20. “In 1615 Schütz joined the chapel of the Elector…” What or who was an elector? | show 🗑
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| show | Kapellmeister – chief of music at court, the German equivalent of maestro di cappella (Chapel master)
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| show | His professional activities were hindered by the wars of religion that swirled around Saxony, Thirty Years’ war. No German ensembles left capable of performing fully concerted scores for voices and instruments. Even as Kapellmeister, his own salary often
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| show | German. Religious music.
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| Anthology #83, Giovanni Gabrieli, In ecclesiis (p. 351) 27. The acoustics of the basilica of St. Mark, for which this work was written, makes composing and performing complicated. What decisions did the composer make as a result? | show 🗑
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| show | Solo voices— 4
Choral voices— 4
Instruments— 6 voices for instruments but only 3 instruments.
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