CH 25 nationalism
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| what two events led to new nationalist movements for unification of italy? | 1.french revolution 2.congress of vienna
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| who were the important leaders in the fight for italian unification? | mazzini, cavour, garibaldi
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| why did the kingdom of sardinia take the lead in italian unification? | only independent state
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| how did italy become unified under the kingdom of sardinia? | plebiscite
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| italian nationalist movement whose goals were liberation and unification | risorgimento
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| secret society of italian nationalists | carbonari
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| leader of the carbonari | mazzini
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| king of sardinia | victor emmanuel II
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| king victor emmanuel's chief minister | cavour
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| leader of the southern itailian nationalist movement; used the "expedition of the thousand" to conquer southern italy which helped to unify italy | garibaldi
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| italys capital | rome
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| why did unification not result in stability for italy right away? | industrial- north agricultural- south
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| who was involved in the danish war? | prussia, austria, denmark
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| what was the cause of the danish war? | annexation of schlewig & holstein
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| what was the outcome of the danish war? | prussia controls schleswig and austria controls holstein
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| who was involved in the seven weeks war? | prussia vs. austria
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| what was the cause of the seven weeks war? | schleswig and holstein (again)
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| what was the outcome of the seven weeks war? | prussia defeats austria in 7 weeks. whole world sees prussia as a military fright
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| who was involved in the FP (franco-prussian) War? | french vs. prussia
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| what was the cause of the FP War? | bismarck and the telegram
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| what was the outcome of the FP war? | prussia defeated the french, united german empirer
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| how did prussia replace austria as the leading german state in europe? | war
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| how did german unification differ from italian unification? | less democratic, more milateristic
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| after unification what was the makeup of the german government? (emperor) | king william I
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| after unification what was the makeup of the german government? (chief minister) | bismarck
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| after unification what was the makeup of the german government? (upper house) | bundesrat
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| after unification what was the makeup of the german government? (lower house) | reichstag
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| where was the german empire's capital? | berlin
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| aristocratic landoweners who called ofr economic reforms | junkers
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| economic union of german states that led to lower and more uniform prices and increased industrialization | zollverein
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| king of prussia; later kaiser of the german empire (deutsches Reich) | king william I
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| list the factors that led ot germany becoming an industrial giant | natural resources (coal & iron), railroads, canals, advanced machinery
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| how did bismarck help germany become an industrial giant? | postal services, cartels, banking laws standardized
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| why was it an advantage for germany to industrialize later than other european nations? | most advanced methods
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| what social reforms did bismarck institute for workers? | limited working hours, holidays, pensions, health insurance
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| who forced bismarck to resign? | william II
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| what factors made it difficult for russia to industrialize? | undeveloped resources
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| what factors made unification difficult in russia? | diversity of ethnic groups
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| what position ruled the russian empire | czar
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| what type of government ruled the russian empire | autocrat
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| how did nicholas I try to force non-russian citizens to become more russian? | russification
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| what method was used to increase russian influence in the balkans? | pan slavism
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| which czar's actions moved russia toward modernization? | alexander I
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| list alexander II's reforms | emancipation edict (freed serfs), court system, limited power of secret beliefs, press got greater freedom, expanded education, reorganized military
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| padical russians who used terrorism to force the government to grant its demand | people's will
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| how did alexander II's reign end? | assacinated
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| what was bloody sunday? | triggered revolution of 1905
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| what did the october manifesto provide? | individual liberties, duma
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| descendants of nomadic warriors from russia and romania who were a significant portion of the hungarian population | magyers
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| what was austria's response to hungarian demands for independence? | formed duel- monarchy
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| what did the dual monarchy provide for each territory? | allowed a common ruler but 2 separate parliaments
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| what economic difference was there between austria and hungary? | austria-- industrial hungary-- agricultural
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| which empire ruled the balkans in the 1800s? | ottoman empire
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| which country gained independence in 1829? | greece
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| which group did the russians support in the fight for independence? | balkans
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| why did the russians support the balkans? | slavs & orthodox christians
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| who did great britain support in the fight of r independence? | turks
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| why did great britain support the turks? | didnt want russia to rule
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| what remained of the ottoman empire after the balkan wars? | constantinople
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