Lifespan Ch 3
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| Conception occurs | when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg)
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| Prenatal development stages | Germinal period: first 2 weeks after conception, zygote created Embryonic period: occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception Fetal period: begins 2 months after conception and lasts until birth
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| Germinal Period | Blastocyst, Trophoblast, Implantation
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| Blasocyst | group of cells after about 1 week
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| Trophoblast | outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo (becomes placenta and amnion fluid)
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| Implantation | attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall; occurs 10 to 14 days after conception
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| Embryonic Period | development from 2 to 8 weeks after conception
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| Life Support System | Amnion, Umbilical Cord, Placenta
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| Amnion | a bag that contains a clear fluid (amniotic fluid) in which the embryo floats.
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| Umbilical Cord | connects the baby to the placenta
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| Placenta | group of tissues containing mother and baby’s intertwined blood vessels
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| Organogenesis | process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development
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| Primary Germ Layers | responsible for forming all body organs; Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
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| Ectoderm | these cells will give rise to the skin, the nervous system, and the lining of the mouth and anal canal.
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| Mesoderm | These cells will eventually form muscles, bones, the cardiovascular system, and the reproductive system.
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| Endoderm | These cells will be important in forming the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and the urinary tract
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| Viability | age at which a fetus has a chance of surviving outside the womb; currently 24 weeks
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| Anencephaly | failure of tube to close at head end
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| Spina bifida | failure of tube to close at cord end
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| Neurogenesis | generation of new neurons
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| Neuronal migration | cells move outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations
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| Teratogen | toxin or any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes
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| Types of Teratogens | Drugs (prescription, nonprescription) Incompatible blood types Environmental pollutants Infectious diseases Nutritional deficiencies Maternal stress Advanced age of parent
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| Known prescription teratogens | ntibiotics, some antidepressants, some hormones, and Accutane
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| Non-prescription teratogens | aspirin and diet pills
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| Psychoactive Drugs | drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods - include caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol
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| Fetal alcohol syndrome | abnormalities in newborn due to mother’s heavy use of alcohol in pregnancy Facial deformities Defective limbs, face, heart Most have below-average intelligence; some are mentally retarded
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| Nicotine risks | Preterm births & miscarriage #1 cause of low birth weight Fetal and neonatal death Respiratory problems SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) Colic 2nd hand smoke from fathers can have similar effects
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| Incompatible blood types (Rh factor) | Can cause mother’s immune system to produce antibodies that will attack the fetus
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| Sexually transmitted diseases | Syphilis damages organs after formed, > 4 months genital herpes: 1/3 die, ¼ brain damage if canal is infected AIDS
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| Rubella, German measles | causes deafness
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| Diabetes | increased risk of fetal death
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| Obesity risks | Toxemia & preeclampsia Birth defects
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| Stage 1 of Birth | uterine contractions begin at 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute, becoming closer and more intense with time Causes the cervix to stretch and open to about 10 cm This stage lasts an average of 12 to 14 hours
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| Stage 2 of Birth | baby’s head begins to move through dilated cervix opening and eventually emerges from the mother’s body This stage lasts approximately 45 minutes
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| Stage 3 of Birth | umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes are detached and expelled (afterbirth)
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| Anoxia | condition in which the fetus has an insufficient supply of oxygen
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| Apgar Scale | assessed at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth evaluates heart rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort, and reflex irritability 10 is highest, 3 or below indicates an emergency
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| Postpartum period | lasts about six weeks or until the mother’s body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly pre-pregnant state
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| “Baby Blues” | experienced by 70% of new mothers in the U.S. Typically resolves in 1–2 weeks, without treatment
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| Postpartum Depression | Excessive sadness, anxiety, and despair that lasts for two weeks or longer
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| Father’s Adjustment | Many fathers feel that the baby gets all of the mother’s attention
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| Bonding | formation of a connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth
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