Respiratory System11
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| Posterior openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx. | Internal nares
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| Divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts | Nasal septum
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| Bony ridges on the lateral walls of the nasal cavit | Conchae
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| Air-filled spaces within bones that connect to the nasal cavity; reduce skull weight and act as resonating chambers. | Paranasal sinuses
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| Brings tears from the eyes into the nasal cavity | Nasolacrimal duct
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| Produces mucus that traps debris in the air; moves mucus to the pharynx | Epitheliu
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| The superior part of the pharynx | Nasopharynx
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| These two structures prevent swallowed materials from entering the nasopharynx | Soft palate and uvula
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| The auditory tubes open into this part of the pharynx | Nasopharynx
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| Extends from the uvula to the epiglottis; the oral cavity opens into it | Oropharynx
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| Connects to the esophagus | Laryngopharynx
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| Largest, unpaired cartilage of the larynx; the Adam's apple. | Thyroid cartilage
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| Unpaired cartilage; covers opening into larynx during swallowing. | Epiglottis
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| Three paired cartilages. | Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
cartilages
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| Ligaments that close together to prevent materials from entering the larynx | Vestibular folds
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| Vibrate to produce sound; the true vocal cords | Vocal folds
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| Extends from the larynx and divides to form two tubes; supported by C-shaped cartilages | Trachea
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| During swallowing, the esophagus pushes into this tube | Trachea
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| Tubes that supply each lung | Primary bronchi
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| Parts of the lung separated by deep fissures on the surface of the lungs | Lobes
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| Sections of lung separated by connective tissue but not visible as surface fissures | Bronchopulmonary segments
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| Tubes that supply the lobes of the lungs. | Secondary bronchi
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| Tubes that supply the bronchopulmonary segments | Tertiary bronchi
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| Tubes that supply the respiratory bronchioles | Terminal bronchioles
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| Tubes formed by the subdivision of the respiratory bronchioles. | Alveolar ducts
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| Place where most gas exchange takes place (some exchange takes place in the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles). | Alveoli
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| Cavity that contains the lungs and the pleural cavities | Thoracic cavity
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| Cavity formed by membranes; surround the lungs. | Pleural cavity
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| The part of the pleural membrane that is in contact with the lungs. | Visceral pleura
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| The pleural cavity contains a thin film of this substance which acts as a lubricant. | Pleural fluid
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| Located deep to the visceral pleura | Superficial lymphatic vessels
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| Follows the bronchi, but does not supply alveoli | Deep lymphatic vessels
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| Includes the diaphragm and muscles that elevate the ribs and sternum | Muscles of inspiration
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| Muscles that depress the ribs and sternum | Muscles of expiration
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| Responsible for most of the change in thoracic volume during breathing | Muscles of expiration
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| Expiration during quite breathing occurs when these muscles relax and the elastic recoil of the thorax and lungs decreases thoracic volume | Muscles of inspiration
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| Two factors that cause the lungs to recoil | Elastic fibers and surface tension of
alveolar fluid
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| A mixture of lipoproteins produced by the epithelium of the alveoli; reduces surface tension. | Surfactant
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| Two factors that keep the lungs from collapsing. | Surfactant and
pleural pressure
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| Effect of increased thoracic volume on pleural pressure | Decreases
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| Effect of increased lung recoil on pleural pressure | Decreases
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| Effect of decreased pleural pressure on alveolar volume. | Increases
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| Effect of increased alveolar volume on alveolar pressure. | Decreases
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| Effect of decreased alveolar pressure on air movement into the lungs. | Increases
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| Examples are tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. | Pulmonary volumes
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| Volume of air inspired or expired by quiet breathing | Tidal volume
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| Volume of air in lungs after maximum expiration. | Residual volume
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| Sum of two or more pulmonary volumes. | Pulmonary capacity
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| Sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. | Vital capacity
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| After a person inspires maximally, the rate at which lung volume changes when he exhales maximally and as rapidly as possible. | Forced expiratory vital
capacity
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| Volume of respiratory passageways in which no gas exchange between air and blood occurs. | Dead space
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| The effect on gas exchange when the respiratory membrane becomes thicker; an example is pulmonary edema. | Decreases
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| The effect on gas exchange when the surface area of the respiratory membrane decreases; an example is emphysema | Decreases
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| The pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases. | Partial pressure
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| The effect on gas exchange when the difference in partial pressures for a gas across the respiratory membrane increases. | Increases
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| Effect on gas exchange of increasing ventilation rate. | Increases
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| The partial pressure of oxygen in blood compared to the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. | Higher
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| The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood compared to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissues. | Lower
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| Consists of two dorsal respiratory groups and two ventral respiratory groups. | Medullary respiratory center
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| Primarily responsible for stimulating contraction of the diaphragm | Dorsal respiratory groups
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| Controls the external intercostal, internal intercostal, and abdominal muscles. | Ventral respiratory groups
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| Appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration | Pontine respiratory group
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| Part of the brain that is able to consciously or unconsciously change the rate or depth of respiration, such as talking or holding one’s breath | Cerebral cortex
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| Limits the degree to which inspiration proceeds and prevents overinflation of the lungs. | Hering-Breuer reflex
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| This substance is the major regulator of respiration because of its effect on pH | Carbon dioxide
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| The effect of an increase in blood carbon dioxide on blood pH. | Decreases
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| The effect of a decrease in blood pH on respiration | Increases
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| Primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood pH | Medullary chemoreceptors
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| Primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood oxygen. | Carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors
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| Effect of greatly decreased blood oxygen levels on respiration | Increases
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| Effect of action potentials, traveling from collateral fibers of motor pathways, on breathing rate during exercise | Increases
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| Effect of stimulation of proprioceptors on respiratory rate during exercise. | Increases
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| Changes in average arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH values during exercise. | No significant change
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| The highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood gases and pH. | Anaerobic threshold
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| The change in vital capacity. | Increases
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| The change in tidal volume at rest and during submaximal exercise. | No change
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| The change in tidal volume during maximal exercise. | Increases
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| The change in respiratory rate during maximal exercise. | Increases
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| The change in minute ventilation during maximal exercise | Increases
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| List 5 functions of the respiratory system | Gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, voice
production, olfaction, and innate immunity
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| Trace the path of inspired air from the trachea to the alveoli by naming the structures through which the air passes. | Trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus,
tertiary bronchus, bronchiole, terminal
bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct,
alveolus
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| Describe the relationship between the tracheobronchial tree and the lungs and the parts of the lungs | The trachea divides to form the primary bronchi,
which supply each lung; secondary bronchi
supply the lobes; and tertiary bronchi supply the
bronchopulmonary segments
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| Describe the relationship between the volume and the pressure of a gas in a closed container. | As volume increases pressure decreases, and as
volume decreases, pressure increases
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| List two factors that tend to cause the lungs to recoil and two factors that prevent the alveoli from collapsing | The lungs tend to recoil because of the elastic
fibers in the lungs and the surface tension of
alveolar fluid. The lungs are prevented from
collapsing by surfactant and pleural pressure
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| List the four pulmonary volumes and define vital capacity. | Pulmonary volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory
reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume,
residual volume; vital capacity is the sum of
inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and
expiratory reserve volume
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| List the six layers of the respiratory membrane. | Alveolar fluid, alveolar epithelium; basement
membrane of alveolar epithelium; interstitial
space; basement membrane of capillary
endothelium; capillary endothelium
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| List two ways oxygen is transported in the blood, and state their relative importance | Hemoglobin 98.5%, dissolved in plasma 1.5%
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| List three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood, and indicate their relative importance. | Bicarbonate ions 70%, blood proteins (mainly
hemoglobin) 23%, and dissolved in plasma 7%
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| Describe the chemical events that result in a decrease in blood pH when blood carbon dioxide levels increase. | Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen
ions and bicarbonate ions
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| List three chemical factors that influence respiration, the location in the body where the levels of these chemicals are monitored, and the changes of these chemicals that cause an increase in respiration rate. | Carbon dioxide, pH (hydrogen ions), and oxygen.
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are most
sensitive to small changes in carbon dioxide and
pH. An increase in carbon dioxide or a decrease
in pH stimulates respiration
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| Name the factors that have the greatest effect on the regulation of respiration at rest and during exercise | At rest: changes in pH, which can be caused by
changes in carbon dioxide; during exercise: input
from the motor cortex and proprioceptors
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| When pleural pressure is less than alveolar pressure, the alveoli (1) | Expand
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| Pleural pressure is normally less than alveolar pressure because of a “suction effect” produced by (2) . | Lung recoil
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| The visceral and parietal plurae are not pulled apart by lung recoil because they are held together by (3) . | Pleural fluid
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| When pleural pressure is sufficiently low, lung recoil is overcome and the alveoli (4) . | Expand
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| The molecule formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin is (1) . | Oxyhemoglobin
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| About 98.5% of oxygen is transported as (2) . | Oxyhemoglobin
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| The remaining 1.5% of oxygen is transported dissolved in (3) . | Plasma
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| More oxygen is released from oxyhemoglobin when the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is (4) | Low
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| the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is (5) , | High
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| the pH of carbon dioxide is (6) | Low
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| and the temperature in the tissues is (7) | High
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| About 7% of carbon dioxide is transported by (1) , 23 % by (2) (primarily hemoglobin), and 70% as (3) . | Plasma, blood proteins, and bicarbonate ion
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| he enzyme (4) inside erythrocytes catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form (5) | Carbonic anhydrase, Carbonic acid
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| This substance dissociates to form (6) and bicarbonate ions | Hydrogen ions
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| When carbon dioxide levels increase, hydrogen ion levels increase, and blood pH (7) . | Decreases
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| Inspiration begins when the input from many sources, such as from receptors that monitor blood gas levels or body movements, reach a (1) . | Threshold
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| Once inspiration begins, (2) inspiratory neurons are gradually activated, resulting in the stimulation of the muscles of inspiration for approximately 2 seconds. | More
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| Neurons responsible for stopping inspiration receive input from the neurons stimulating respiration, the (3) respiratory group | Pontine
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| and (4) in the lungs. When the input to these neurons exceeds threshold, inspiration stops. | Stretch
receptors
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