form 3 chemistry
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| WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? | the study of chemical and thier reactions
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| WHAT ARE THE STATES OF MATTER? | SOLID ,LIQUID ,GAS
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| WHAT IS MATTER? | MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND VOLUME
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| what is melting point? | the temp at which a substance changes state from a SOLID to a LIQUID
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| what is freezing point? | the temp at which a substance changes state from LIQUID to SOLID
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| the boiling point for water and the freezing point for water are the same, what is it? | 0 degrees Celsius
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| how do states of matter change? | states of matter change by increasing and decreasing energy
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| what keeps particles together to form matter? | forces of attraction
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| name 3 properties of solids | clesely packed, fixed shape, fixed volume
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| name 3 properties of iquids | can move, no fixed shape, fixed volume
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| name 3 properties of gases | no shape, no volume, easily compressived
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| what is a cooling curve? | a curve which shows the cooling of a substance. it shows the temperature and changes of state
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| what heat energy is involved in changing states? | latent heat
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| what is a heating curve? | a curve that shows the heating of substances. it shows temperature and changes of state
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| occurs at a specific point,and occurs throughout a liquid what is it? | BOILING
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| occurs at temp between liquid to gas or at the surface of a liquid, what is it? | EVAPORATION
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| what is kinetic theory of matter( K.T.M.) | kinetic theory states that all MATTER is made up of PARTICLES which are in constant MOTION and the amt of motion in a liquid depend on the amt of ENERGY present
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| name 3 processes that support K.T.M.? | diffusion,osmosis, Brownian motion
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| what is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentraton? | diffusion
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| what is osmosis | the process where water molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi partially membrane
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| brownian motion is the haphazard or random movement of partiles when_______________________? | brownian motion is the haphazard or random movement of partiles when SUSPENDED IN A FLUID MEDIUM.
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| 3 or more atoms joined together? | a molecule
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| what is an atom? | the smallest particle of an element
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| a chemical substances formed from 2 or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition | a compound
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| what is an element? | substances that cannot be divied or changes into different substances by ordinary chemical methods
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| a combination of 2 or more substances which can be separated by physical means | a mixture
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| what is a particle? | a general word used when we can;t be exact about the type of things being discribed
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| an atom or molecule that doesn't have the same amt of electrons and protons | an ton
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| name 3 properties of an atom? | protons(+), neytrons (0) and electrons (-)
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| where is the nucleus located? | at the centre of an atom
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| what does the nucleus contain? | protons and neutrns
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| what is a shell/obitals? | a given space in which an electron is most-likely to exist.
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| what is the atomic number? | the number of protons in an atom
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| the number of protons equal____________? | the number of protons equal the number of electrons
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| what is the atomic mass? | the # of proton + the # of electrons
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| mass # - atomic # = | neutrons
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| the amt of electrons in each shell of an atom | electronic configuration
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| the amt of electrons in the outermost shall is referred to as _____________? | valence electrons/ valent electrons
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| what is an isotope? | an element that has the same atomic number but a different mass number
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| what is a radio isotope? | an isotope that contains neuclii that are unstable and give of energy in the form of radiation
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| what are some positives about radioisotopes? | carbon 14 dating, chemotherapy,detection of disease
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| what does the periodic table consists of? | rows ans columns
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| what are the rows called? | periods
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| what are the columns called? | groups
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| what is group 8? | group is is a noble group of elements with a completely filled outer motion
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| why do molecules bond? | to become stable
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| what are the 3 types of bonding? | ironic, covalent and metallic
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| ionic bonding happens between_____________________? | a metal and a non metal
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| after bonding, what happens to the atom? | it develops a charge and it is now called an ion
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| what are positive ions called? | CATIONS
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| what are negative ions called? | ANIONS
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| if the electrons are LESS than the protons the atom is_________________? | POSITIVE
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| if the electrons are MORE than the protons the atom is____________? | NEGATIVE
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| name 2 properties of ionic substances | soluble in water and can conduct electricity in a molten or aqueous state
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| what is covalent bonding? | the bonding between non metals
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| when 1 pair of electrons is shared, what is it referred to? | a single bond
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| what is a double bond? | when 2 pair of electrons is shared.
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| when 3 pair of electrons is shared, what is it referred to? | a triple bond
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| what is the chemical formula for water? | H2O
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| CO2, THAT IS THE CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR WHAT GAS? | CARBON DIOXIDE
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| what is the chemical formula for ammonia? | NH3
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| CH4, is the chemical formula for what? | methane
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| what is the chemical formula for tetra chloro methane? | CCl4
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| name 2 properties of covalent substance | doesn't conduct electricity, doesn't dissolve in polar substances
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| what is metallic bonding? | the bonding which exist within a metal ,which allows it to exist.
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| name 4 properties of metals | high density, high melting points, conducts heat and sonorous , has a metallic luster
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| what does HOMOGENEOUS mean? | uniformed, one layer
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| what is a non-uniformed mixture called? | heterogeneous mixture
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| what is a solute? | a substance that is being dissolved
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| what is a solvent? | a substance that does the dissolving
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| what is solubility? | the amt of grams of a solute that dissolves in 100 grams of water
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| what is the word used to refer to the ability of a substance to dissolve water? | soluble
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| what is a solution? | a homogeneous mixture that is made up of a solvent and a solute
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| name 3 properties of a solid | coloured, one layer, throughly mixed and can be transparent
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| what is the word used for , a homogeneous mixture where the solute particles are bigger than those in a solution, but smaller in those of a suspension? | colloids
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| what is filtration used for? | separating solid/liquid mixtures
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| what is the principle behind filtration? | difference in particle size
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| what is evaporation based on? | differences in boiling points
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| what is the separating funnel used for? | liquid/liquid separations
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| what is the principle behind the separating funnel? | differences in density
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| what is evaporation is used to separate? | liquid/solid mixtures
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| what is crystallization? | crystals from a super saturated solution. most solvents on heating increase the amt of solute it can dissolve. this is saturated
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| what is a saturated solution? | one which contains the most amt of solute the solvent can hold
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| in most solvents on heating increase the amt of solute it can dissolve. this is called___________? | SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION
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| WHAT IS SOLVENT EXTRACTION? | solvent extraction is used to separate substances based on differences in solubility
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| when is solvent extraction is used? | when a solute/solid is soluble in a given solvent while the other is not
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| what is the separation Technique used to separate 2 solids substances where one one sublimes and the other does not | SUBLIMATION
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| what is the technique used to separate mixtures of inks and dyes | paper chromatography
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| what is paper chromatography used for? | to identify the compnents
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| what is the name of the second technique that is used to separate a solid/liquid mixture? | SIMPLE DISTILLATION
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| what is simple distillation based on? | the differences in boiling point and hence used to separate mixtures w/ components of very diff. boiling points
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| what is fractional distillation? | a technique used to separate substances of similar boiling points
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| what is the name of the apparatus used in fractional distillation? | fractionating columns
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| what is the name of the apparatus used in simple distillation? | liebir condenser
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| what are the two types of changes that take place in science? | physical and chemical changes
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| what are physical changes? | changes in state or changes in the physical structure of a substance
NB- there is no change in the chemical nature of the substance
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| what are chemical changes? | changes in the chemical nature of a substance.
also referred to as a chemical reaction
NB the chemical formula is changed
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| name the steps in writing chemical eq'ns. | S.1- write the word eq'n
S.2- convert to symbols
S.3- balance the eq'n
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| name the 5 states of substance/chemicals. | solid (S)
liquid (L)
gas (g)
aqueous (aq)
molten (M)
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| all carbonates are soluble except... | sodium, potassium and ammonium
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| sodium, potassium and calcium are the exceptions to the insolubility of? | hydroxides
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| all oxides are insoluble. what three oxides react with water to form hydroxide? | sodium oxide, potassium oxide and calcium oxide react with water to form hydroxide
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| chloride, bromide and iodide are all soluble except sliver and... | lead salts
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| all nitrates are ... | soluble
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| all sulphates are... | soluble
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| soluble=dissolves in water=aqueous | insoluble=doesn't dissolve in water=solid
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| name the 4 types of reactions | 1. combination/ synthesis reaction
2. decomposition reaction
3. single displacement/ replacement reaction
4.double replacement
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| combination reaction is the combining of... | two or more reactants to create a single product
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| a product breakdown or splitting into its elements/ reactants is the reaction called/ | decomposition reaction
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| single displacement is when a new substance.... | replaces another substance
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| two substances switch places with two substances in reaction. what is the term used to describe this process? | double replacement
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| what is an ALLOTROPE? | substance that are of the same elements but exhibit different physical forms
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| what are the allotrope that carbon possess? | graphite and diamond
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| graphite has hexagonal horizontal layers | diamond has giant, molecular structure and diamond is the hardest natural occurring substance
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| graphite and diamond are referred to as... | GIANT COVALENT
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| TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHITE ARE? | GRAPHITE CAN ACT AS A LUBRICANT SINCE THE LAYERS OF GRAPHITE SLIP OFF
AND
GRAPHITE CAN CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE IT HAS FREE ELECTRONS
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| Fact; as long ass electrons can move, electricity can flow. | pollution is the unfavourable alteration in the environment due to humans' influence
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| there are 4 types of pollution: air- smoke and dust land- littering name the other two. | water- littering in water
noise- loud music, shouting, bad singing...
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| there are 2 sources of pollution, which are? | humans- waste(domestic), vehicles, biological(dead bodies)
industrial- factories, oil tankers
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| some pollutants are | carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
sulphur dioxide
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| what are some effects of pollutants? | acid rain
depletion of the ozone layer
carbon dioxide poisoning
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| if oxygen is present, the glowing splint relights | if hydrogen is present, a popping sound is heard with a lit splint
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| is carbon dioxide is present it extinguishes a lit splint and turns lime water milky white |
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