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form 3 chemistry
| WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? | the study of chemical and thier reactions |
| WHAT ARE THE STATES OF MATTER? | SOLID ,LIQUID ,GAS |
| WHAT IS MATTER? | MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND VOLUME |
| what is melting point? | the temp at which a substance changes state from a SOLID to a LIQUID |
| what is freezing point? | the temp at which a substance changes state from LIQUID to SOLID |
| the boiling point for water and the freezing point for water are the same, what is it? | 0 degrees Celsius |
| how do states of matter change? | states of matter change by increasing and decreasing energy |
| what keeps particles together to form matter? | forces of attraction |
| name 3 properties of solids | clesely packed, fixed shape, fixed volume |
| name 3 properties of iquids | can move, no fixed shape, fixed volume |
| name 3 properties of gases | no shape, no volume, easily compressived |
| what is a cooling curve? | a curve which shows the cooling of a substance. it shows the temperature and changes of state |
| what heat energy is involved in changing states? | latent heat |
| what is a heating curve? | a curve that shows the heating of substances. it shows temperature and changes of state |
| occurs at a specific point,and occurs throughout a liquid what is it? | BOILING |
| occurs at temp between liquid to gas or at the surface of a liquid, what is it? | EVAPORATION |
| what is kinetic theory of matter( K.T.M.) | kinetic theory states that all MATTER is made up of PARTICLES which are in constant MOTION and the amt of motion in a liquid depend on the amt of ENERGY present |
| name 3 processes that support K.T.M.? | diffusion,osmosis, Brownian motion |
| what is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentraton? | diffusion |
| what is osmosis | the process where water molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi partially membrane |
| brownian motion is the haphazard or random movement of partiles when_______________________? | brownian motion is the haphazard or random movement of partiles when SUSPENDED IN A FLUID MEDIUM. |
| 3 or more atoms joined together? | a molecule |
| what is an atom? | the smallest particle of an element |
| a chemical substances formed from 2 or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition | a compound |
| what is an element? | substances that cannot be divied or changes into different substances by ordinary chemical methods |
| a combination of 2 or more substances which can be separated by physical means | a mixture |
| what is a particle? | a general word used when we can;t be exact about the type of things being discribed |
| an atom or molecule that doesn't have the same amt of electrons and protons | an ton |
| name 3 properties of an atom? | protons(+), neytrons (0) and electrons (-) |
| where is the nucleus located? | at the centre of an atom |
| what does the nucleus contain? | protons and neutrns |
| what is a shell/obitals? | a given space in which an electron is most-likely to exist. |
| what is the atomic number? | the number of protons in an atom |
| the number of protons equal____________? | the number of protons equal the number of electrons |
| what is the atomic mass? | the # of proton + the # of electrons |
| mass # - atomic # = | neutrons |
| the amt of electrons in each shell of an atom | electronic configuration |
| the amt of electrons in the outermost shall is referred to as _____________? | valence electrons/ valent electrons |
| what is an isotope? | an element that has the same atomic number but a different mass number |
| what is a radio isotope? | an isotope that contains neuclii that are unstable and give of energy in the form of radiation |
| what are some positives about radioisotopes? | carbon 14 dating, chemotherapy,detection of disease |
| what does the periodic table consists of? | rows ans columns |
| what are the rows called? | periods |
| what are the columns called? | groups |
| what is group 8? | group is is a noble group of elements with a completely filled outer motion |
| why do molecules bond? | to become stable |
| what are the 3 types of bonding? | ironic, covalent and metallic |
| ionic bonding happens between_____________________? | a metal and a non metal |
| after bonding, what happens to the atom? | it develops a charge and it is now called an ion |
| what are positive ions called? | CATIONS |
| what are negative ions called? | ANIONS |
| if the electrons are LESS than the protons the atom is_________________? | POSITIVE |
| if the electrons are MORE than the protons the atom is____________? | NEGATIVE |
| name 2 properties of ionic substances | soluble in water and can conduct electricity in a molten or aqueous state |
| what is covalent bonding? | the bonding between non metals |
| when 1 pair of electrons is shared, what is it referred to? | a single bond |
| what is a double bond? | when 2 pair of electrons is shared. |
| when 3 pair of electrons is shared, what is it referred to? | a triple bond |
| what is the chemical formula for water? | H2O |
| CO2, THAT IS THE CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR WHAT GAS? | CARBON DIOXIDE |
| what is the chemical formula for ammonia? | NH3 |
| CH4, is the chemical formula for what? | methane |
| what is the chemical formula for tetra chloro methane? | CCl4 |
| name 2 properties of covalent substance | doesn't conduct electricity, doesn't dissolve in polar substances |
| what is metallic bonding? | the bonding which exist within a metal ,which allows it to exist. |
| name 4 properties of metals | high density, high melting points, conducts heat and sonorous , has a metallic luster |
| what does HOMOGENEOUS mean? | uniformed, one layer |
| what is a non-uniformed mixture called? | heterogeneous mixture |
| what is a solute? | a substance that is being dissolved |
| what is a solvent? | a substance that does the dissolving |
| what is solubility? | the amt of grams of a solute that dissolves in 100 grams of water |
| what is the word used to refer to the ability of a substance to dissolve water? | soluble |
| what is a solution? | a homogeneous mixture that is made up of a solvent and a solute |
| name 3 properties of a solid | coloured, one layer, throughly mixed and can be transparent |
| what is the word used for , a homogeneous mixture where the solute particles are bigger than those in a solution, but smaller in those of a suspension? | colloids |
| what is filtration used for? | separating solid/liquid mixtures |
| what is the principle behind filtration? | difference in particle size |
| what is evaporation based on? | differences in boiling points |
| what is the separating funnel used for? | liquid/liquid separations |
| what is the principle behind the separating funnel? | differences in density |
| what is evaporation is used to separate? | liquid/solid mixtures |
| what is crystallization? | crystals from a super saturated solution. most solvents on heating increase the amt of solute it can dissolve. this is saturated |
| what is a saturated solution? | one which contains the most amt of solute the solvent can hold |
| in most solvents on heating increase the amt of solute it can dissolve. this is called___________? | SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION |
| WHAT IS SOLVENT EXTRACTION? | solvent extraction is used to separate substances based on differences in solubility |
| when is solvent extraction is used? | when a solute/solid is soluble in a given solvent while the other is not |
| what is the separation Technique used to separate 2 solids substances where one one sublimes and the other does not | SUBLIMATION |
| what is the technique used to separate mixtures of inks and dyes | paper chromatography |
| what is paper chromatography used for? | to identify the compnents |
| what is the name of the second technique that is used to separate a solid/liquid mixture? | SIMPLE DISTILLATION |
| what is simple distillation based on? | the differences in boiling point and hence used to separate mixtures w/ components of very diff. boiling points |
| what is fractional distillation? | a technique used to separate substances of similar boiling points |
| what is the name of the apparatus used in fractional distillation? | fractionating columns |
| what is the name of the apparatus used in simple distillation? | liebir condenser |
| what are the two types of changes that take place in science? | physical and chemical changes |
| what are physical changes? | changes in state or changes in the physical structure of a substance NB- there is no change in the chemical nature of the substance |
| what are chemical changes? | changes in the chemical nature of a substance. also referred to as a chemical reaction NB the chemical formula is changed |
| name the steps in writing chemical eq'ns. | S.1- write the word eq'n S.2- convert to symbols S.3- balance the eq'n |
| name the 5 states of substance/chemicals. | solid (S) liquid (L) gas (g) aqueous (aq) molten (M) |
| all carbonates are soluble except... | sodium, potassium and ammonium |
| sodium, potassium and calcium are the exceptions to the insolubility of? | hydroxides |
| all oxides are insoluble. what three oxides react with water to form hydroxide? | sodium oxide, potassium oxide and calcium oxide react with water to form hydroxide |
| chloride, bromide and iodide are all soluble except sliver and... | lead salts |
| all nitrates are ... | soluble |
| all sulphates are... | soluble |
| soluble=dissolves in water=aqueous | insoluble=doesn't dissolve in water=solid |
| name the 4 types of reactions | 1. combination/ synthesis reaction 2. decomposition reaction 3. single displacement/ replacement reaction 4.double replacement |
| combination reaction is the combining of... | two or more reactants to create a single product |
| a product breakdown or splitting into its elements/ reactants is the reaction called/ | decomposition reaction |
| single displacement is when a new substance.... | replaces another substance |
| two substances switch places with two substances in reaction. what is the term used to describe this process? | double replacement |
| what is an ALLOTROPE? | substance that are of the same elements but exhibit different physical forms |
| what are the allotrope that carbon possess? | graphite and diamond |
| graphite has hexagonal horizontal layers | diamond has giant, molecular structure and diamond is the hardest natural occurring substance |
| graphite and diamond are referred to as... | GIANT COVALENT |
| TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHITE ARE? | GRAPHITE CAN ACT AS A LUBRICANT SINCE THE LAYERS OF GRAPHITE SLIP OFF AND GRAPHITE CAN CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE IT HAS FREE ELECTRONS |
| Fact; as long ass electrons can move, electricity can flow. | pollution is the unfavourable alteration in the environment due to humans' influence |
| there are 4 types of pollution: air- smoke and dust land- littering name the other two. | water- littering in water noise- loud music, shouting, bad singing... |
| there are 2 sources of pollution, which are? | humans- waste(domestic), vehicles, biological(dead bodies) industrial- factories, oil tankers |
| some pollutants are | carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide |
| what are some effects of pollutants? | acid rain depletion of the ozone layer carbon dioxide poisoning |
| if oxygen is present, the glowing splint relights | if hydrogen is present, a popping sound is heard with a lit splint |
| is carbon dioxide is present it extinguishes a lit splint and turns lime water milky white |
Created by:
krystel2011
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