Tori Brown ch. 8
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| deviance | behavior that violates significant social norms.
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| stigma | a mark of disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
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| criminologists | the social scientists who study criminal behavior.
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| strain theory | views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values,norms,and structure of society.
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| anomie | the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable.
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| control theory | explains deviance as a natural occurrence
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| cultural transmission theory | explains deviance as a learned behavior.
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| differential association | refers to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals.
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| techniques of neutralization | suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts
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| labeling theory | focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.
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| primary deviance | noncomformity that goes undetermined by those in authority
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| secondary deviance | noncomformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of secondary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.
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| degradation ceremony | the proccess of labeling an individual as deviant.
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| Robert K. Merton | developed the strain theory
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| Richard Quinney | a conflict theorist says that the ruling classes label any behavior that threatens their power base as deviant
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| Travis Hirschi | a leading control theorist who believes that people develop strong social bonds in four ways
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| Edwin Sutherland | proposed the concept of differential association and suggested that the learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups
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| Edwin Lemert | labeling theorist who notes that all people commit deviant acts during their lives.
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| Howard Becker | suggests that this is because deviance has two types: primary and secondary
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| Harold Garfinkel | developed the theory about degradation ceremony.
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| crime | any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.
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| terrorism | the threat or actual use of violence to achieve political goals.
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| white collar crime | crime that is commited by an individual or individuals of high social status in course of their professional lives
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| crime syndicate | large scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.
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| criminal justice system | the system of police, courts, and corrections.
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| police discretion | the power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested.
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| racial profiling | the practice of assuming nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans
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| plea bargaining | process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence
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| corrections | sanctions such as imprisonment, parole, and probation used to punish criminals
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| recidivism | repeated criminal behavior
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