Exam #2
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| show | 1. Tunica externa
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica interna
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| show | blood flow
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| lumen | show 🗑
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| Elastic or conducting arteries are found | show 🗑
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| show | arterioles and venules
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| show | extensive networks
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| Flow of blood through a network is regulated by | show 🗑
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| show | KNOW THE U-SHAPED TUBE AND WHAT GOES ON - LOOK AT NOTES
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| Elastic or conducting arteries are found | show 🗑
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| Capillaries usually connect | show 🗑
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| show | extensive networks
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| Flow of blood through a network is regulated by | show 🗑
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| show | KNOW THE U-SHAPED TUBE AND WHAT GOES ON - LOOK AT NOTES
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| show | Thinner : farther away from the heart. Cannot maintain shape, sometimes collapses
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| Venules drain | show 🗑
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| show | closest to the capillaries
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| Venules have __ junctions | show 🗑
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| Venules function as the site for | show 🗑
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| As venules grow larger | show 🗑
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| Venules are | show 🗑
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| Veins are | show 🗑
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| show | wall thickness
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| show | 1. endothelium (inner)
2. interal elastic lamina (outside)
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| Endothelium of interna lines the | show 🗑
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| Internal elastic lamina function | show 🗑
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| show | swiss cheese
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| Endothelium of interna is composed of which cells | show 🗑
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| Deep inside the endothelium of the interna is the __ membrane | show 🗑
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| basememnt membrane function | show 🗑
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| Tunica media description and composed of | show 🗑
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| show | tunica media
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| Primary function of smooth muscle cells | show 🗑
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| show | blood flow and pressure
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| Tunica externa composed of | show 🗑
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| External Elastic Lamina function | show 🗑
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| External externa contains | show 🗑
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| show | away from the heart
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| What layer is significantly different in arteries | show 🗑
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| What supplies smooth muscle of arteries | show 🗑
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| show | contraction of smooth muscle of arteries
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| show | narrowing of lumen and squeezing the arterial wall
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| show | Decrease in diameter of the lumen
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| show | relaxation of smooth muscle of arteries
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| A relaxation has what affect on the lumen | show 🗑
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| Vasodilation | show 🗑
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| show | an artery or arteriole is damaged
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| Vasospasm limits | show 🗑
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| Elastic arteries are the | show 🗑
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| How are elastic arteries characterized | show 🗑
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| show | propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing
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| show | stretch easily to accommodate the pressure from the blood
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| show | As elastic fibers stretch, they momentarily store mechanical energy
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| show | When ventricles are relaxed, the arteries recoil
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| show | conducting arteries, because they conduct blood from heart to muscular arteries
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| muscular arteries are (size-wise) | show 🗑
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| Tunica media of muscular arteries contain | show 🗑
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| Because the tunica media of muscular arteries is thick | show 🗑
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| Elastic artery wall compared to diameter | show 🗑
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| Muscular artery wall compared to diamter | show 🗑
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| show | distributing arteries because they distribute blood to organs
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| Anastamoses is a | show 🗑
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| Anastomoses provide | show 🗑
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| show | the alternative circulatory route of blood flow to a body part through anastomoses
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| Arteries that do not anastomoses are called | show 🗑
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| show | necrosis of that segment
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| show | death
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| Arterioles | show 🗑
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| Elastic arteries -> | show 🗑
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| show | distributing arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries
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| Size of arterioles | show 🗑
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| Function of arterioles | show 🗑
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| Terminal end of arteriole is called | show 🗑
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| show | capillary junctions
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| What happens at metarteriole-capillary junction | show 🗑
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| precapillary sphincter function | show 🗑
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| What layer of the arteriole contains the sympathetic nerves | show 🗑
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| show | Regulates blood flow from arteries to capillaries by regulating resistance
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| show | opposition to blood flow
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| show | the friction that occurs between blood + inner walls of blood vessel
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| show | the greater
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| show | constriction, higher, lower
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| show | lower, higher
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| Vasoconstriction causes ? blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | lower
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| Capillaries are | show 🗑
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| Capillary connect | show 🗑
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| Primary function of capillary | show 🗑
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| show | contain fewer capillaries
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| show | cornea, lens, and cartilage
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| Capillaries lack the layers | show 🗑
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| show | 1 layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane
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| Exchange of materials occur ONLY | show 🗑
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| Exchange cannot happen anywhere else because | show 🗑
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| Capillary bed | show 🗑
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| Blood can flow through capillary network from an arteriole into a venule by | show 🗑
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| 1. Capillary flow | show 🗑
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| show | precapillary sphincters
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| When precapillary sphincters are relaxed | show 🗑
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| when precapillary sphincters are contracted | show 🗑
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| show | Provides direct route for blood to go from arteriole to venule
BYPASSES capillary
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| Autoregulation | show 🗑
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| Three types of capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | Endothelial cells, separated only by intercellular clefts.
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| Intercellular clefts prevent | show 🗑
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| show | in the brain
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| Blood brain barrier contains | show 🗑
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| show | many small holes
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| holes of fenestrated capillaries allow | show 🗑
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| Fenestrated capillaries are found in | show 🗑
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| show | large holes, incomplete/absent membrane and large intercellular clefts
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| Large holes of sinusoids | show 🗑
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| show | Blood passes from one capillary network to another through a vein
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| show | to keep blood flowing through capillaries and allow capillary exchange
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| show | 7%
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| show | simple diffusion
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| show | intercellular clefts or fenestrations
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| Lipid soluble substances diffuse through | show 🗑
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| What cannot pass through capillary walls of continuous and fenestrated | show 🗑
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| show | When substances are enclosed in pinocytic vessicles that first enter via endocytosis, then move across the cell and exit on other side via exocytosis
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| show | are large, lipid-soluble or other substances that cannot cross capillary wall
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| show | balance of pressure
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| show | when pressure that push fluid out of capillary exceeds the pull of fluid into capillary
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| show | when pressure that pulls fluid into capillary exceeds fluid that pushes fluid out of capillary
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| vein layers compared to arteries | show 🗑
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| Veins lack | show 🗑
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| Because veins lack external and internal elastic laminae | show 🗑
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| Lumen of vein compared to artery | show 🗑
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| show | very thin walls
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| Average blood pressure in veins compared to arteries | show 🗑
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| show | slow, steady
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| show | rapid
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| What do veins contain that arteries do not | show 🗑
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| show | Thin folds of tunica interna that form flaplike cusps
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| Valve function | show 🗑
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| show | slow, and tend to try to back up
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| Venous sinus | show 🗑
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| show | surrounding dense connective tissue replaces tunica media and tunica externa in providing protection
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| Venous return | show 🗑
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| Venous return is generally assisted by | show 🗑
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| Blood pressure is measured in | show 🗑
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| Venous sinus quoted in notes | show 🗑
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| problems with venous return | show 🗑
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| show | 1. skeletal muscle pump
2. respiratory pump
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| show | 1. At rest- valves are open
2. Contraction of muscles- milking
3. Relaxation of muscles- valves closer to heart close, farther from heart opens because pressure in foot is higher than in leg
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| Respiratory pump | show 🗑
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| show | at rest
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| show | in systemic veins and venules
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| Systemic arteries hold about __% of blood | show 🗑
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| show | 9%
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| show | 7
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| show | 7
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| show | blood reservoirs
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| blood from blood reservoirs can be | show 🗑
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| Principal blood reservoirs are the veins of | show 🗑
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| Blood flow is | show 🗑
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| Blood flow is measured in | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac output
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| show | the volume of blood that circulates through blood vessels each minute
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| show | heart rate and stroke volume
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| show | 1. pressure difference that drives blood flow into tissue
2. resistance to blood flow
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| show | higher, lower
the greater the blood flow
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| Blood pressure | show 🗑
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| Blood pressure is generated by the contraction of | show 🗑
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| Blood pressure is HIGHEST in | show 🗑
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| show | 120/80
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| what are the numbers 120/80 stand for | show 🗑
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| show | the highest blood pressure attained in arteries during systole
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| show | the lowest arterial blood pressure attained during diastole
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| show | peripheral resistance
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| blood viscosity | show 🗑
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| show | lower
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| show | lower blood pressure
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| Total blood more than 5L tend to | show 🗑
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| show | opposition of blood flow due to friction between blood and the wall
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| Vascular resistance depends on 3 things | show 🗑
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| show | The smaller the size of the lumen, the greater the resistance is to blood flow
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| 2. Blood viscosity | show 🗑
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| Blood viscosity is the ratio of | show 🗑
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| Conditions that increases blood viscosity | show 🗑
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| Conditions that decrease blood viscosity | show 🗑
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| 3. Total blood vessel length | show 🗑
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| Systemic vascular resistance is also known as | show 🗑
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| systemic vascular resistance refers to | show 🗑
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| show | smaller
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| show | medulla oblongata
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| Cardiovascular center helps regulate | show 🗑
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| Cardiovascular center controls | show 🗑
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| show | higher brain regions and sensory receptors
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| show | cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus
affect the cardiovascular center
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| show | 1. proprioceptors
2. baroreceptors
3. chemoreceptors
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| show | movements of joints and muscles
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| Proprioreceptors send impulse to cardiovascular center during | show 🗑
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| Proprioreceptors input to the cardiovascular center accounts for | show 🗑
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| show | changes in pressure and stretch in walls of blood vessels
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| chemoreceptors monitor | show 🗑
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| Output from the cardiovascular center flows along | show 🗑
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| show | influences control of the heart
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| Output from cardiovascular center sends impulses to | show 🗑
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| show | how output from cardiovascular center sends impulses to smooth muscle in blood vessel wall
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| vasomotor tone | show 🗑
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| show | constriction and movement of blood out of venous blood resevoirs
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| show | 1. baroreceptor reflex
2. chemoreceptor reflex
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| show | the aorta, carotid, and large arteries
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| When blood pressure falls, the baroreceptors send | show 🗑
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| show | send impulses at faster rate, and increases parasympathetic stimulation
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| Chemoreceptor reflexes are located | show 🗑
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| Examples of what chemoreceptors would detect | show 🗑
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| show | low O2
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| show | increase in H+
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| hypercapnia | show 🗑
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| show | 1. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
2. epinephrine and norepinephrine
3. ADH
4. atrial natriuretic peptide
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| show | blood volume to the kidneys is low
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| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system steps | show 🗑
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| angiotensin II ____ blood pressure | show 🗑
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| aldosterone function | show 🗑
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine affect on blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | prevents dehydration and decreased blood volume, vasoconstricts.
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| show | lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and promoting the loss of salt and water in urine
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| ADH and atrial natriuretic peptides are | show 🗑
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| Pulse | show 🗑
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| How is pulse created | show 🗑
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| show | the arteries closest to the heart
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| Pulse is weakest in | show 🗑
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| Pulse disappears in | show 🗑
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| Pulse may be felt in | show 🗑
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| Common pulse points are | show 🗑
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| show | heart rate
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| Normal pulse is | show 🗑
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| show | rapid resting heart rate that is 100+ bpm
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| Bradycardia | show 🗑
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| show | sphygmomanometer
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| sphygmomanometer consists of | show 🗑
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| Process of taking blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | Korotkoff sounds
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| show | systolic and diastolic pressure
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| show | 40 mm Hg
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| atherosclerosis | show 🗑
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| show | routes that the body is organized to carry blood to specific organs
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| The two main circulatory routes are | show 🗑
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| show | pressure that pulls fluid into capillary
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| capillary blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | vasomotor nerves
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| show | aorta
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| show | carotid bodies next to baroreceptors
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| blood pressure is clinically defined as pressure that | show 🗑
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