Exam 1: Latin America
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| mountain range on east coast of Mexico | Sierra Madre Oriental
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| mountain range on west coast of Mexico | Sierra Madre Occidental
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| East | orient
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| West | occident
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| plateau in central Mexico | Central Mesa
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| 30" of precipitation | Central Mesa
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| < 30 " rainfall will result in | livestock ranching/grazing
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| mountain range in southern Mexico | Sierra Madre del Sur
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| largest concentration of pure-blooded Native American descent | Sierra Madre del Sur
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| 1 of 31 Mexican states | Chiapas
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| trade alliance between Mexico, United States, and Canada | NAFTA
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| ability to govern themselves | autonomy
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| mountains influence climate | orographic effect
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| windward slope casts dry, arid shadow on leeward slope | rain shadow
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| mountain range running through Central America | Central American Mountains
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| mountain range running through South America/ Chile | Andes
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| longest mountain range in the world | Andes
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| tallest peak in Western hemisphere | Mount Aconcagua
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| continents were once all together and are moving apart; Pangea | theory of continental drift
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| all of Earth's features are moving, not just the continents | plate tectonics
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| developed the theory of continental drift/plate tectonics | Alfred Wegener
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| what the Andes were created by | subduction
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| highlands in northern South America | Guiana Highlands
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| ore to get aluminum; big income | bauxite
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| white powder from bauxite | alumina
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| energy expensive process | electrolysis
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| shiny, metallic, metal | aluminum
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| more efficient than to refine and make new aluminum | aluminum recycling
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| orient, occident, cordillera | Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental
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| a mountain range that runs parallel to a coastline | cordillera
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| livestock ranching/grazing, 30 inches of precipitation | Central Mesa
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| autonomy, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Chiapas | Sierra Madre del Sur
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| orographic effect, rain shadow | Central American Mountains
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| theory of continental drift/plate tectonics, Mount Aconcagua, Alfred Wegener | Andes
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| bauxite, alumina, aluminum, electrolysis, recycling | Guiana Highlands
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| lava flows, geographic factors associated with coffee production | Brazilian Highlands
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| highlands located on the east coast of Brazil | Brazilian Highlands
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| crack in crust -> _________ -> cools ad creates new land (very fertile soil) | lava flows
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| Brazilian Highlands are perfect for; Brazil is world leader in production | coffee
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| conditions necessary for coffee | rich volcanic soils, tropical location, slightly higher elevation
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| physiographic boundary | Rio Grande
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| river that is the boundary between Mexico and the United States | Rio Grande
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| physical features used as political boundaries | physiographic boundary
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| why rivers as boundary can be problematic | can change course
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| drainage basin | Amazon River
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| Andes in Peru -> Brazil -> Atlantic Ocean | Amazon River
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| 4,00 miles long | Amazon River
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| 2nd largest in the world, most massive | Amazon River
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| area of land that rivers and their tributaries drain into | drainage basin
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| huge freshwater resource in South America | Amazon River
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| too big to use for hydroelectricity | Amazon River
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| hydroelectricity, estuary, Itaipu Dam, Rio de la Plata | Parana- Paraguay River System
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| one of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world, on the international boundaries of Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay) | Itaipu Dam
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| coastlines divets caused by water flows | estuary
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| estuary formed by the Parana-Paraguay River System | Rio de la Plata
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| Paraguay and Brazil -> Atlantic | Parana-Paraguay River System
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| Maya civilization, Aztec civilization, urban geography, primate city, rural-to-urban migration, push factors, pull factors, remittances, PEMEX, Lake Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, Mexico City, Bay of Campeche | Mexico
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| 900 B.C.- 900 B.C.E. | Mayans
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| natives located in the Yucatan peninsula | Mayans
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| pyramid bigger than any in Egypt | Uxmal
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| natives that studied the concept of zero, mathematics, architecture, astronomy, and the calendar | Mayans
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| in decline when the Spaniards arrived | Mayans
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| cactus growing out of rock with eagle on top holding rattlesnake | Aztecs
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| where Aztec symbol was found | Lake Texcoco
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| capital city of Aztecs | Tenochtitlan
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| modern day Mexico City | Tenochtitlan
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| one of the largest urban concentrations in the world; 22 million people; political capital; primate city | Mexico City
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| disproportionately large in population and embodies the national character of a country | primate city
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| most economically powerful; history tied to importance; only one in country | primate city
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| study of geography of cities | urban geography
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| leaving agriculture and moving to cities | rural-to-urban migration
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| causes decision to leave a place | push factors
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| causes decision to move to a place | pull factors
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| control over oil revenue in Mexico | PEMEX
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| money sent back to families by immigrants in other countries | remittances
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| Mexico's economy | oil, migration, tourism
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| British Empire, barrier reef | Belize
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| _________ stole British Honduras from Guatemala | British Empire
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| 2nd largest ______ off coast of Belize | barrier reef
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| language of Belize | English
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| Monroe Doctrine, banana republic | Guatemala
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| James Monroe's foreign policy;protection of Western hemisphere | Monroe Doctrine
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| series of governments that were tied to United States interests; more interested in foreign business rather than native peoples | banana republic
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| population density, pressure of overpopulation, demographic response | El Salvador
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| one of most densely populated countries in the world | El Salvador
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| 1970s-1980s: civil war was a __________; people trying to find a way to correct things | demographic response
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| land is scarce, a lot of people trying to live off the land | pressure of overpopulation
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| plentiful natural resources: gold, oil, natural gas, gemstones | Colombia
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| a wide variety of environments thanks to the Andes and the tropical lowlands in the southeast that allow wide varieties of crops to be grown, coupled with a pure location ideal for trade | Colombia
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| rebel groups and the drug trade | Colombia
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| the major drug here is cocaine, a stimulant extracted from the leaves of the coca plant | Colombia
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| the major processing point for extracting the cocaine from the coca | Colombia
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| most dangerous country in the world in the 1980s | Colombia
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| cocaine is a big issue | Colombia
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| possesses the 2nd largest proven reserves of oil in the Western Hemisphere | Venezuela
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| 1) it is known to exist; and 2) it is economically feasible to extract, meaning we have the technology to get to it AND we will make a profit from it | proven reserve
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| Venezuela is too dependent on | oil
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| 90% of Venezuela's income | oil
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| “putting all your eggs in one basket” | monoeconomic state
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| Venezuela is a member of; a group of 12 countries that hold a significant percentage of the world’s oil reserves, and try to control the price by controlling the supply available on the market | OPEC
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries | OPEC
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| has the highest percentage of people of pure-blooded European descent in all of Latin America, with nearly 88% of the population having European ancestry. | Uruguay
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| cornerstone of Uruguay's economy | agriculture
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| Uruguay has very rich _________ | soils
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| a major producer of beef and wheat | Argentina
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| northern grasslands in Argentina where beef and wheat are produced | Pampas
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| group of islands Argentina has a dispute with the United Kingdom over | Falkland Islands
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| type of government in Argentina today | democracy
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| what is thought the Falkland Islands possess | oil and natural gas
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| study of shapes of political units like countries | territorial morphology
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| Chile is classified as; length roughly 6 x's their width | elongated state
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| more border to defend, communication and transportation more costly | disadvantages of elongated state
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| access to resources that would not be in the territory w/ other shapes and increased chance of different environments w/ different potential | advantages of elongated state
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| what Chile's northern third is dominated by | Atacama desert
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| one of the driest places on the planet | Atacama Desert
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| Chile's possession of world's largest reserves of two mineral sources, which are | copper and nitrates
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| considered for membership for NAFTA | Chile
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| Hurricane Mitch, natural hazard, risk, vulnerability | Honduras
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| study of natural disasters | natural hazard
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| statistical probability that a particular natural disaster will occur in a particular place | risk
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| how natural hazards are affecting human beings | vulnerability
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| in 1998, 1/3 of Honduras' population became homeless and set the economy back 50 years | Hurricane Mitch
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| Cold War, socialism,Sandinistas, Contras, Iran-Contra Scandal, Anastasio Somoza, Ronald Reagan. Oliver North | Nicaragua
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| United States had military occupancy of | Nicaragua
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| father-son ruling duo of Nicaragua | Somoza
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| son that was corrupt when ruling ; had U.S. support | Anastasio Somoza
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| overthrew Somoza | Sandinistas
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| Nicaragua's national guard | Contras
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| Sandinistas got support from | Soviet Union
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| under the table help to Contras when illegalized | Iran-Contra Scandal
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| middle man in Iran-Contra Scandal | Oliver North
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| biodiversity, ecotourism | Costa Rica
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| Switzerland of Central America | Costa Rica
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| protects their wildlife and vegetation | Costa Rica
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| tourists go to see biodiversity | ecotourism
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| cheap to maintain, generates a lot of revenue, tourists will help maintain landscapes | ecotourism
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| one of most politically stable countries in Latin America | Costa Rica
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| president abolished military; small police force and defense agreements | Costa Rica
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| transoceanic canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps, Jimmy Carter, Manuel Noriega | Panama
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| originally part of Colombia; got independence w/ help of U.S. | Panama
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| shortcut from Atlantic to the Pacific | transoceanic canal
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| tried to build canal first but failed | Ferdinand de Lesseps
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| gave canal to Panama to help repair relationship w/ Latin America | Jimmy Carter
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| got independence from U.S. winning Spanish-American War | Cuba
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| led a successful rebellion against U.s. | Fidel Castro
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| Fidel Castro allied himself with | Soviet Union
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| U.S. flights over Cuba; sites equipped with nuclear missiles thought to be aimed at the United States. The United States imposed a naval blockade until the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles | Cuban Missile Crisis
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| Cuba's major benefactor | Soviet Union
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| former British colony, sugar and bauxite | Jamaica
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| reggae music, Bob Marley | Jamaica
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| former French colony; poorest country in western hemisphere | Haiti
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| overpopulation, environmental degradation, high HIV/AIDS infection rates, political instability, corruption | Haiti
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| Haiti's neighbor | Dominican Republic
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| birthplace of more foreign-born baseball players than any other country | Dominican Republic
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| resource lottery, sugarcane, ethyl alcohol (ethanol), alcohol, Petrobras, forward capital, tropical, deforestation, favelas, plural society, soccer (futbol), Carnival, Brasilia, Amazon Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo | Brazil
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| Portuguese | Brazil
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| more land in possession means better chances of having resources | resource lottery
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| Brazil produces | coffee, citrus, sugarcane
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| process into ethanol for oil | sugarcane
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| Brazil's energy company | Petrobras
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| moving capital forward to encourage growth | forward capital
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| the forward capital city in Brazil | Brasilia
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| shantytowns in Brazil | favelas
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| capital of Brazil | Rio de Janeiro
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| largest city in Brazil | Sao Paulo
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| where tropical deforestation takes place | Amazon Basin
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| rainforest chopped down to make room for agriculture and ranches | tropical deforestation
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| a lot of diversity (ethnic group), very little interaction amongst them | plural society
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| unifying factors of Brazil | soccer and Carnival
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| former British colony previously known as British Guiana | Guyana
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| Guyana is a major producer of | bauxite
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| former colony of the Netherlands previously known as Dutch Guiana | Suriname
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| Suriname has large populations of | South and Southeast Asians
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| still a possession of France today | French Guiana
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| European Space Agency’s main launching pad for satellites into outer space | French Guiana
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| Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana | The Guianas
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| War of the Triple Alliance | Paraguay
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| South America's bloodiest war | War of the Triple Alliance
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| Paraguay v. Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina | War of the Triple Alliance
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| has the highest % of pure-blooded Native Americans | Bolivia
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| La Paz and Sucre; two capital cities | Bolivia
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| dominant center for Spanish colonial administration in Bolivia | Sucre
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| eclipsed its importance post-independence for Bolivia | La Paz
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| Incan civilization located in | Peru
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| ruled and overthrown similar to Aztecs | Incans
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| highest lake in the world | Lake Titicaca
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| downward-faulted block of the Earth's crust | graben
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| Ecuador does not have | primate city
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| islands Ecuador owns | Galapagos Islands
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| where Charles Darwin did his studies of finches | Galapagos Islands
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