nervous systemmarieb
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| three major functions of the nervous system | monitors all information about change occuring outside and inside the body process and interprets the information recieved and integrates it in order to make decisions, commond responses by activating muscle gland and other parts of the nervous system
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| nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord that occupy the dorsal cavity | central nervous system
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| subdivision of the pns that contols voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles | somatic nervous system
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| nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia | periphereal nervous system
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| subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands: it is also called the involuntary nervous system | autonomic nervous system
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| major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders such as past experience and current conditions | central nervous system
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| major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the cns. | cranial nerves
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| supports, insulate, and protect cells | neuroglia
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| demonstrates irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area | neurons
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| releases neuotransmitters and are amitotic | neurons
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| able to divide, therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms | neuroglia
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| releases neurotransmitters | axon terminal
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| conducts electrical currents toward the cell body | dendrite
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| increases the speed of impulse transmission | dendrite
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| location of the nucleus | cell body
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| conducts impulses away from the cell body | axon
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| walking on hot pavement which receptor type would be activated | bare nerve endings (pain) and muscle spindle
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| feeling a pinch would activate which receptor | golgi tendon organ and pacinian corpuscle
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| leaning on a shove activates which receptor | pacinian corpuscle
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| muscle sensations when rowing a boat activates which receptor | golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle
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| feeling a caress activates which receptor | meissners corpuscle
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| sensory receptors found in the skin, which are specialized to detect temperature, pressure changes, and pain | cutaneous sense organs
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| specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS | schwann cells
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| junction or point of close contact between neurons | synapse
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| bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS | tract
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| neuron, serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons | association neuron
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| gaps in the myelin sheath | nodes of ranvier
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| collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS | ganglion
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| neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands | efferent neuron
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| sensorty receptors found in muscle and tendons that detect their degree of stretch | proprioceptors
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| changes, occurring within or outside the body that affect nervous system functioning | stimuli
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| neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery | afferent neuron
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| chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands | neutronstransmitters
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| list in order the minimum elements in a reflex arc from the stimulus to the activity of the effector | stimulus,receptor,afferent neuron,efferent neuron, effector organ
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| period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus | refractory period
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| state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron | depolarization
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| electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron | polarized
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| period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron | reploarization
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| transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane | action potential
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| the cheif positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron | potassium ions
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| process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell, completely restores the resting conditions of the neurons | sodium potassium pump
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| somatic reflexes | patellar knee jerk reflex, effectors are skeletal muscles, flexor reflex
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| autonomic reflexes | pupillary light reflex, effectors are smooth muscle and glands, regulation of bloods pressure, salivary reflex
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| what system along with the nervous system helps to regulate and maintain body homeostasis, it produces hormones that are released into the blood. | endocrine system
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| nerves that carry impulses to and from the spinal cord | spinal nerves
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| nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and serve as communicatio lines by linking all parts of the body by carrying impuleses from the sesory receptors to the cns and from the cns to appropriate galands or muscles | cranial nerves
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| what keeps the cns contantly informed of events going on both inside and outside the body | sensory division
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| names the structure that makes up the CNS | brAIN AND SPINAL CORD
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| name the structure that makes up the PNS | spinal and cranial nerves that extend to and from the CNS
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| cells found in the cns that generally support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons | neuroglia
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| each of the different types of neuroglia are called | glia cells
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| cns glia cells that are star shaped, that form a licing barrier between capillaries and neurons to protect them from harmful substances that might be in blood | astrocytes
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| type of glia cell help controls the chemical environment in the brain by soaking up leaked potassium ions and recapturing released neurotransmitter | astrocytes
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| spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria | microglia
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| glial cells that line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord | ependymal cells
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| glia that wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibbers, producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheaths | oligodendrocytes
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| tumors formed by glial cells (neuroglia) | gliomas
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| supporting cells in the pns that form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers | schwann cells
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| cells that act as protective cushioning cells | satellite cells
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| why is a brain tumor more likely to be formed from glial cells than from neurons | glia cells can divide and neurons cannot. a criterion of cancer cells is their unconrolled division
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| which glial cells are most abudndent in the body | astrocytes
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| all have a cell body, which contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the cell, and one or more slender processes extedning from the cell body that can transmit messages from one body to another | neurons or nerve cells
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| metabolic center of the neuron, has a transparent nucleus that contains a conspicuous nucleolus | cell body
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| what rough er substance and intermediate filaments that are mportant in maintaining cell schape and particulary abundent in the cell body | nissl substance and neurofibrils
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| neuron processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body | dendrites
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| nueron processes that conduct them away from the cell body are | sxons
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| each neuron has only one axon, which arises from a conelike region of the cell body called | axon hillock
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| all axons branch profusely at their terminal end, froming hundres to thousands of | axon terminals
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| inside the axon terminals contains hundres of tiny vesicles or membranous sacs that contain chemicals are called | neurotransmitters
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| axon terminals are separated from the next neuron by a tiny gap caled | synaptic
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| cleft protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impules | myelin
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| complete the pathway between afferent and efferent neurons, also called association neurons | interneurons
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| cell bodies that are found in the CNS in clusters are called | nuclei
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| small collections of cell bodies called ___ are found in the a few sites outside the cns in the pns | ganglia or ganglian for plural
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| cosists of dense collections of myelinated fibers | white matter
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| dense collections of myelinated fibers that conatins mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies | gray matter
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| the cell bodies of ____are always found in a ganglion outside the cns, and keep us informed about what is happening both inside and outside the body | sensory, or afferent neurons
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| how does a tract differ from a nerve | a tract is a bundle of nerve fibers in the cns. a nerve is a bundle of nerve fiber in the pns
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| how does a ganglion differ froma nucleus | ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies found in the pns, nucleus is a cluster of nerve cell bodies found in the pns
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| which part of a neuron conducts impuleses toward the cell body? | dendrites conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body,
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| which part releases neurotransmitter | axon terminal releases neurotransmitters
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| reflexes occur over neural pathways called___ and involve both cns and pns structures | reflex arcs
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| reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles | somatic reflexes
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| reflexes that regulate the activity of smooth muscles | automoic relfexes
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| reflexes that regulate such body functions as digestion, eliminationm, blood pressure, and sweating | automonic reflexes
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| local current that dies out with distance | graded potential
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| current that is continuously regenerated along the length of the axon and does not die out | action potential
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| a rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus | reflex
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| central canal of the neural tube, which is continuous between the brain and spinal cod, becomes englarded in four regions of the brain to from chambers called | ventricles
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| brain weight | 3 lbs
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| brains four major regions | cerebral hemisphers, brainstem, and cerebellum
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| most superior part of the brain, responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements | cerebellum (cerebral hemispheres)
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| entire surface of the cerebral hemisphers exhibits elevated ridges of tissue called | gyri separated by shallow grooves called sulci (furrow)
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| regions of the human brain | cerebral hemispher, diencephalon, cerebelum, brain stem
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| gray matter is composed of | neuron cell bodies
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| white matter is composed of | myelinated fibers
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| the lentiform nucleus, the caudate, and other nuclei are collectivley called | basal nuclei
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| ventricles cavities in the brain contain | cerebrospinal fluid
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| major subdivision of the brain are | brainstem and cerebellum
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| largest part of the human brain is the paired | cerebral hemispheres
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| speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement are all functions of neurons of the | cerebral cortex
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| body map on the motor cortex is called | motor homunculus
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| visual area is located in the which lobe | occipital lobe
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| auditory are is located in which lobe | temporal lobe
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| allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles | primary motor area
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| coritcal area that is very invloved in our ability to speak found at the base of the precentral gyrus | broca's area
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| areas involved in higher intellectual reasoning and socially acceptable behavior if found in which lobes | frontal
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| located at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes | speech area (allows the sound to come out)
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| damage to the broca's area in which part of the hemisphere causes inability to say words properly | cerebral
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| sense of taste is found in which area | gustatory area
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| site of regulation of body, temperature, water balance, metabolism, drives, and emotions | hypothalamus
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| major stuctures of the diencephalon are the | thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
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| important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the senosry cortex for interpretation (whethe the sensation we are about to have is pleasant or unpleasant. | thalamus
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| forms the roof of the third ventricle, important parts are the pineal body, and the choriod plexus | epithalamus
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| knots of capillaries within each ventricle, form the cerebrospinal fluid | choroid plexus
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| brain stem structures | midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata,, small gray matter areas
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| what major brain region are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal body found | diencephalon
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| what is the composition of white matter of the brain | myelinated nerve fibers
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| what brain region controls such as vital activites as breathing and blood pressure | brain stem
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| what is the function of the cerebellum | provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and helps control our balance and equilibrium
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| the three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the cns structures | meninges
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| doubled layer membrane where it surrounds the brain | dura matter
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| victims cannot keep theri balance and may appear to be drunk becuase of the loss of muscle form a blow to the head, a tumor, or a stroke. | ataxia
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| inflammation of the meniges of the brain or spinal cord | meningitis
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| contains reflex centers incloved in regulating, respiratory rythm in conjunction with lower brain-stem centers | pons
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| responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements | cerebellum
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| important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation | thalamus
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| contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and repiratory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers | medulla oblongata
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| large riber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres | corupus callosum
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| connects the third and fourth ventricles | cerebral aqueaduct
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| encloses the third ventricle | thalamus
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| forms the cerbrospinal fluid | choroid plexus
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| midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts, bulges anteriorly | cerbral peduncle
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| part of the limbic system, contains centers for many drives such as rage, pleasure, hunger, sex) | hypothalamus
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| brain structures that consiste of white matter | anterior commisure, corpus callosum, pyramids, cerebellar peduncle
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| brain structures that consist of gray matter | cortex of cerebellum, basal nuclei, thalamic nuclei
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| primary somatosensory are of the cerebrall hemisphere is found in the | postcentral gyrus
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| cortical areas invloved in audidtion are found in | temporal lobe
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| what lobe is the primary motor area that is invloved in the initiation of voluntary movements | frontal lobe
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| the specialized motor speech area is located at the base of the precenttral gyrus in an area called | broca's area
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| the right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from which side of the body | left
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| major descending voluntary motor tract | pyramidal
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| ceneters for control of repetitious or sterotyped motor skills are found in the | pre motor cortex
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| the lips, tongue, and fingers are the largest part of what | motor humunculi
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| sensations such as touch and pain are intergrated in the | general interpretation area
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| the primary visual cortes is located in which lobe of each cerebral hemisphere | occipital
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| the area that controls the comprehension of language is located in which side of the cerebral hemisphere | left
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| eed is eveidence of clinical death | flat
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| beta waves are recorded when an individual is awake and | alert
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| outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue | dura mater
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| innermost coevering of the brain; delicate and vascular | pia mater
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| structures that return cerbospinal fluid to the venous blodd in the dural sinuses | arachnoid mater
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| its outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull | dura mater
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| cerbrospinal fluid is formed by capillary knots called | choroid plexuses
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| cerbosipinal fluid flors from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and then trhough the | cerebral aquaduct
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| some of the fluid continues down the central canal of the spinal cord, but most of it circulates into the subarachnoid space by passing through three tiny opening in the walls of the | fourth ventricle
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| if the cerbrospinal fluid drainage is blocked, a condition in which results in increaded pressure on the brain | hydrocephalus
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| slight and transient brain injury | concussion
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| traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue | contusion
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| total nonreponsiveness to stimulation | coma
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| may cause medulla oblongata to be wedged into foramen magnum by pressue of blood | intracranial hemorrage
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| after head injury, trention of water by brain | cerebral edema
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| results whena brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ischemia | cerebrovascual accident
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| progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits | alzheimer's disease
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| autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination | multiple sclerosis
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| a ministroke, fleeting symptoms of cva | transient ishemic attack
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| the spinal cord extends from the formane magnum of the skill to what region of the vertebral column | lumbar
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| the meninges what procedure, which cover the spinal cord, extend more inferiorly to form a sac from which cerbospinal fluid can be withdrawn without damage to the spinal cord | lumbar tap
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| how many pairs of spinal nerses arise from the cord | 31
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| how many pairs of nerves are cervical nerves | 8
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| how many pairs of nerves are thoracic nerves | 12
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| how many pairs are lumbar nerves | 5
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| how many pairs are sacral nerves | 5
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| what name is gibven to the barrier that protects the brain from toxic chemicals | blood brain barrier
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| what name is given to the cerbrospinal fluid filled cavities within the brain | ventricles
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| another name for a bundle of nerve fibers is called | nerve fascicle
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| fibers that run from the midnbrain to the eye | oculomotor III
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bisonlea