chapter 23
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| radioactivity | when a nucleus is unstable and emits particles and/or electromagnetic radiation spontaneously
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| all elements with an atomic number greater than what are radioactive? | 83
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| nuclear transmutation | results from the bombardment of nuclei by neutrons, protons, and other nuclei
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| Atomic number (Z)- | number of protons in nucleus
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| Mass Number (A)- | number of protons + number of neutrons
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| Proton | 1H
1
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| neutron | 1n
0
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| electron | 0β
-1
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| positron | oβ
+1
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| α particle | 4He
2
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| isotopes | have the same number of protons but different mass number
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| When balancing nuclear equations what must you remember? | 1. Conserve the mass number (A) 2. Conserve the atomic number (Z)
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| isobars | are different types of atoms (nuclides)of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons
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| Coluomb's law | like charges repel and unlike charges attract
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| electron capture | the capture of an electron by the nucleus
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| Extra stable neutrons and protons are: | 2,8,20,50,82,126
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| Noble gasses are extra stable e-= | 2,10,18,36,54,86
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| Nuclei with even number of protons and neutrons are more stable than? | those with odd numbers of neutron and protons
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| Nuclear binding energy (BE) | is the binding energy required to break up a nucleus into its component protons and neutrons
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| E=mc2 | C=3.00 EE8 m/s
E=energy
m = mass
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| binding energy per nucleon = | binding energy/number of nucleons
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| nucleons | general term for protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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| Proton = | 1.007825
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| neutron = | 1.008665
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| Mass defect- | the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons
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| Radioactivity | the spontaneous emission by unstable nuclei of particles or electromagnetic radiations, or both
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| main types of radiation | alpha particles (He2+), beta particles, gamma rays, positron emission, and electron capture.
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| Radioactive decay series | a sequence of nuclear reactions that ultimately result in the formation of a stable isotope
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| Parent | the beginning radioactive isotope
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| Daughter | the product of the parent isotope
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| All radioactive decay follow what? | 1st order kinetics
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| t1/2= | o.693/lambda
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| lambda= | 1st order rate constant
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| N= | number of radioactive nuclei
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| t= | time
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| ln(Nt/N0)= | -lambda x t
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| nuclear transmutation | involves decay and the process of turning one element into another element by colliding two particles
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| trans-uranium elements | elements with atomic numbers greater then 92.
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| nuclear fission | the process in which a heavy nucleus divides to form a smaller nuclei of intermediate mass and one or more neutrons
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| sub critical | insufficient size to sustain a chain reaction
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| moderators | substances that can reduce the kinetic energy of neutrons. They must be non-toxic fluid
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| breeder reactor | uses uranium fuel and it produces more fissionable materials than it uses
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| doubling-time | the time it takes a breeder reactor to produce enough materials to refuel the original reactor or another reactor
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| Nuclear chain reactions | is a self-sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions
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| critical mass | the minimum mass of fissionable material required to generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
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| nuclear fusion | the combining of two small nuclei into larger ones
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| thermonuclear reactions | another name for fusion reactions because they take place at extremely high temperatures
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| plasma | a gaseous mixture of positive ions and electrons
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| tracers | isotopes, especially radioactive isotopes that are used to trace the path of atoms of an element in a chemical or biological process
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| radicals | molecular fragments having one or more unpaired electrons, they usually are short-lived and highly reactive
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| somatic or genetic radiation | radiation damage to living systems
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| d= | 2H
1
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| d= | 2H
1
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| half life of carbon-14 is | 5730 years
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