238 Ch 6
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| Radiation damage is observed on what three levels? | Molecular, cellular, and organic
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| What results from the formation of structurally changed molecules that may impair cellular function? | Molecular damage
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| According to the target theory if only a few non-DNA cell molecules are destroyed by radiation exposure what will the cell show? | No evidence of injury after irradiation
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| If the structure of a cells function is altered by radiation exposure what may result? | Disturbance of chemical balance, disturbance of cell operation, failure to perform normal tasks
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| Chromosome aberrations happen when irradiation occurs in what stage? | Early in interphase
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| What are some examples of distorted chromosomes? | Anaphase bridges, dicentric chromosomes, ring chromosomes
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| What may be used to explain cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation? | Target theory
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| X-rays and gamma rays can be referred to as streams of particles because of what property? | Wave-particle duality
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| The random interaction of x-rays with matter produces a variety of structural changes in biological tissues such as? | Single-strand break in one chromosome, more than one break in the same chromosome, stickiness or clumping together of chromosomes
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| Why are repair enzymes usually able to reverse the cellular damage generally caused by low level ionizing radiation? | Damage to DNA is sublethal
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| What governs the radiation dose required to cause apoptosis? | The radiosensitivity of the individual cell
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| What describes the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions? | OER
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| What is a method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation? | Cell survival curve
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| Where are lymphocytes manufactured in the body? | Bone marrow
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| What defines the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation to the dose of radiation of the type in question that is necessary to produce the same biologic reaction in a given experiment? | RBE
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| A biologic reaction is produced by 6gy 600rad of test radiation. It takes 36Gy 3600 rad of 250-KVp x-ray radiation to produce the same biological reaction. What is the RBE of the test radiation? | 6
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| A hydroperoxyl radical HO2 is formed when a hydrogen free radical H combines with? | Molecular oxygen O^2
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| What is LET an important factor for? | Assessing potential tissue and organ damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
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| Because high-LET types of radiation deposit more energy per unit length of biologic tissue traversed, they are? | More destructive to biologic matter than low-LET radiation
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| Ring chromosomes, dicentric chromosomes, and anaphase bridges are examples of? | Distorted chromosomes
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| For radiation protection, high-LET radiation is of greatest concern when a radionuclide has been implanted, ingested, injected or inhaled because? | The potential exists for irreparable damage because multiple strand breaks in DNA are possible
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| Free radicals behave as an extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of? | Unpaired electrons
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| Are alpha particles classified as high-LET radiation? | Yes
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| What action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body? | indirect action
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| What molecule in the body is most directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through indirect action? | Water
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| When does ionizing radiation cause complete chromosome breakage? | When two direct hits occur in the same rung of the DNA macromolecule
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| What happens when significant numbers of lymphocytes are damaged by exposure from ionizing radiation the body? | loses natural ability to combat infection,becomes more susceptible to bacteria,more susceptible to viral antigens
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| What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells and reproductive cells have in common? | all are radiosensitive
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| With respect to the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, complete this statement. The most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the______? | greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity
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