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Radiation damage is observed on what three levels?
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What results from the formation of structurally changed molecules that may impair cellular function?
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238 Ch 6

QuestionAnswer
Radiation damage is observed on what three levels? Molecular, cellular, and organic
What results from the formation of structurally changed molecules that may impair cellular function? Molecular damage
According to the target theory if only a few non-DNA cell molecules are destroyed by radiation exposure what will the cell show? No evidence of injury after irradiation
If the structure of a cells function is altered by radiation exposure what may result? Disturbance of chemical balance, disturbance of cell operation, failure to perform normal tasks
Chromosome aberrations happen when irradiation occurs in what stage? Early in interphase
What are some examples of distorted chromosomes? Anaphase bridges, dicentric chromosomes, ring chromosomes
What may be used to explain cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation? Target theory
X-rays and gamma rays can be referred to as streams of particles because of what property? Wave-particle duality
The random interaction of x-rays with matter produces a variety of structural changes in biological tissues such as? Single-strand break in one chromosome, more than one break in the same chromosome, stickiness or clumping together of chromosomes
Why are repair enzymes usually able to reverse the cellular damage generally caused by low level ionizing radiation? Damage to DNA is sublethal
What governs the radiation dose required to cause apoptosis? The radiosensitivity of the individual cell
What describes the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions? OER
What is a method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation? Cell survival curve
Where are lymphocytes manufactured in the body? Bone marrow
What defines the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation to the dose of radiation of the type in question that is necessary to produce the same biologic reaction in a given experiment? RBE
A biologic reaction is produced by 6gy 600rad of test radiation. It takes 36Gy 3600 rad of 250-KVp x-ray radiation to produce the same biological reaction. What is the RBE of the test radiation? 6
A hydroperoxyl radical HO2 is formed when a hydrogen free radical H combines with? Molecular oxygen O^2
What is LET an important factor for? Assessing potential tissue and organ damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
Because high-LET types of radiation deposit more energy per unit length of biologic tissue traversed, they are? More destructive to biologic matter than low-LET radiation
Ring chromosomes, dicentric chromosomes, and anaphase bridges are examples of? Distorted chromosomes
For radiation protection, high-LET radiation is of greatest concern when a radionuclide has been implanted, ingested, injected or inhaled because? The potential exists for irreparable damage because multiple strand breaks in DNA are possible
Free radicals behave as an extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of? Unpaired electrons
Are alpha particles classified as high-LET radiation? Yes
What action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body? indirect action
What molecule in the body is most directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through indirect action? Water
When does ionizing radiation cause complete chromosome breakage? When two direct hits occur in the same rung of the DNA macromolecule
What happens when significant numbers of lymphocytes are damaged by exposure from ionizing radiation the body? loses natural ability to combat infection,becomes more susceptible to bacteria,more susceptible to viral antigens
What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells and reproductive cells have in common? all are radiosensitive
With respect to the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, complete this statement. The most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the______? greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity
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