pain management
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physiologic pain | show 🗑
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neuropathic pain | show 🗑
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four processes involved in nociception | show 🗑
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gate control theory | show 🗑
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clinical application of gate control theory | show 🗑
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factors affecting perception of pain | show 🗑
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show | comprehensive pain history includes COLDERR -Charater -Onset -Location -Duration -Exacerbation -Relief -Radiation
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additional data | show 🗑
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show | nonverbal responses to pain -facial expression -vocalizations like moaning and groaning or crying and screaming -immobilization of the body or body part -purposeless body movements -behavior changes such as confusion and restlessness
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show | rhythmic body movements or rubbing EARLY PHYSIOLOGIC responses: -increased BP, HR, RR -pallar -diaphoresis -pupil dilation -may be absent in people with chronic pain pain diary
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treatment plan | show 🗑
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practice guidelines | show 🗑
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show | align pain relief measures with report of pain severity encourage client to try ineffective measures again before abandoning maintain unbiased attitude about what may relieve pain keep trying prevent harm educate client and caregiver about pain
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pain treatment plan | show 🗑
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barriers to effective plan management | show 🗑
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show | primary, chronic, neurobiolic disease genetic, psychosocial, and environment are influential factors behavior can include -impaired control over drug use -compulsive use -craving -continued use despite harm
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show | state of adaptation manifested by withdrawal syndrome produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decrease blood level of the drug and administration of an antagonist
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show | state of adaptation exposure to a drug induces changes result in a diminution of one or more of the drugs effects
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show | -opiods (narcotics -nonopioids/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) -co-analgesic drugs
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opiods | show 🗑
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opiods | show 🗑
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NSAIDS | show 🗑
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coanalgesic drugs | show 🗑
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show | step 1 -for clients with mild pain (1-3 on a 0-10 scale) -use of nonopiod analgesics (with or without a coanalgesic)
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show | step 2 -client has mild pain that persists or increases -pain is moderate (4-6 pain scale) -use weak opioid (Codeine, tramadal, pentazocine) or a combination of opioid and nonopioid medication
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WHO ladder step approach for cancer pain control | show 🗑
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rational polypharmacy | show 🗑
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rational polypharmacy | show 🗑
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oral administration | show 🗑
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show | transmucosa and transnasal -enters blood immediately -onset of action is rapid transdermal -can be unpredictable dosing and plasma drug level -noninvasive
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show | rectal -useful for clients with dysphagia or nausea/vomiting continuous subcutaneous infusion -uses for pain poorly controlled by oral medication
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medication administration | show 🗑
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show | intraspinal -provides superior analgesia with less medication used
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belefits/risk routes and technology | show 🗑
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nonpharmacologic pain control interventions | show 🗑
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show | -cutaneous stimulation -immobilizationor therapeutic exercises -transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation TENS
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show | -providing comfort -eliciting relaxation response -repatterning thinking -facilitating coping with emotions
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lifestyle management | show 🗑
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show | -feel part of a community -bond with universe -religious activities
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nonpharmacologic invasive techniques | show 🗑
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show |
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