Chapters 7,8,9
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| Examples of Electromagnetic Radiation include? | -Examples: visible light, microwave ovens, cell phone signals, Xrays, radiant heat from a fireplace, AM/FM radio, gamma ray bursts. -All travel in waves and at the speed of light
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| What is an electric field? | Its the region where electrically charge particles feel a force.
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| What is a magnetic field? | Its the region where magnetic particles feel a force.
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| The order of waves from smallest wave length to largest? | Gamma Rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet, Visible light, Infared, Microwaves, Radio Waves. -This is also the order from highest frequency to lowest frequency.
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| Know about the interfernce of waves. Constructive and destructive |
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| Diffraction of waves and particles.(Barrier with slit) | Waves-The waves go through the slit and spread out on the other side Particles- The particles that make it throught the slit extend in the same direction as they entered. (straight forwards) The other particles stop at the wall.
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| How does two slit interferene work? | The light source travels diff lengths. The waves that create a distructive inference create dark spots on the background and the waves that travel with constructive interference create light spots. This results in a pattern of dark and ligh spots.
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| Solution found by Max Planck (1900) in “an act of desperation.” | – Energy could only be emitted in discrete packets or quanta. E=nhv
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| Photoelectric Effect Solution: Albert Einstein. | Problems- Treshold Frequency:below certain freqency-no electrons emitted. No lag time-If high freqency enough electrons come off immediatly. E=hv (h=6.626 x 10^-34) E=hc/wavelength -Light energy comes in packets: Photon or Quantum of light.
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| What is the emmisson spectrum? | When that emitted light is passed through a prism, a pattern of particular wavelengths of light is seen that is unique to that type of atom or molecule. The pattern is called an emission spectrum.
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| Bohr Model of the Atom – Try to explain emission spectra? | The electron in a hydrogen atom moves around the nucleus only in certain allowed circular orbits. The energy levels of the electron are quantized.
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| What did Bohr get right? | – The model gets the energy levels correct in that the experimental spectrum can be reproduced. E = −2.178 ×10−18
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| What did Bohr get wrong? | 1. Only worked for the Hydrogen atom 2. Electons do not move in circular orbits around the nucleus.
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| Who is Louis de Broglie (1892–1987)? | -de Broglie proposed that particles could have a wavelike character. -de Broglie predicted that the wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum(mass x velocity).
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| Uncertainty Principle? | – x = position, Δx = uncertainty in position – v = velocity, Δv = uncertainty in velocity – m = mass Δx . mΔv >(or equal) h/4pie
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| _______________ has properties of both waves AND particles. | Electromagnetic Radiation
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| Matter has properties of both waves AND particles too... | -The smaller the object, the more wave-like properties it exhibits. – For objects we perceive the wave properties are so small that we don’t/can’t notice them.
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| c= | 3.00x10^8 m/s
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| What is frequency? | The number of crests that pass a stationary point in one second =s^-1
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| If you increase wavelength, you ____ frequency. | Decrease
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| Equation to remember: | c=wavelength x frequency
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| Quantum Mechanics is? | Indeterminite=we cant predict future outcomes exactly. But we can predict possibilities.
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| Ephoton= | |ΔE|
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| What does n,l,ml mean? | n- How large the orbital is. What is the energy l- Shape of the orbital (0-s shape, 1-p shape, 2-d shape,3-f shape) l can be anything from 0 to n=1 ml-the orientation in space. If l=2, ml=-2,-1,0,1,2
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| What is absorption? | When electron absorbs a photon. Electron increases in energy. Goes from lower n to higher n.
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| What is emission? | Electron gives off a photon. Electron decreases in energy. Goes from a high n to a low n.
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| Small wavelength, high frequency, means____ energy. | high
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| When the wavlength of a photon increases, the frequency_____. | decreases
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| Electrons exibit properties of? | waves and particles
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| If we shoot one electron at a time: | -We still see an interference pattern! -A single electron will interfere with itself!
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| What is the major difference between H atoms & Polyelectron atoms? | H: Energy of orbital depends only on n Poly: Energy depends on n
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| What is electron spin? | Intransic angular momentum of an electron. All electrons have the same amount of magnitude-1/2. The direction is quantized. Electrons can be spin up(Ms= +1/2) or spin down(Ms= -1/2)
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| Vanlence Electons? | The outermost electrons. These are involved in bonding.
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| Core Electrons? | Inter most electrons. Not involved in bonding.
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| How does the Noble Gas Configuration work? | Replace writing core electrons with symbol for nearest noble gas.
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| Order of configuations | 1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p, ect
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| For s and p block valence electons- | Count the s and p's it takes up
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| For d and f block valence electons- | Count highest s and the d/f blocks it takes up
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| Electron Shielding? | Electrons repel against each other.
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| Ionization Energy- | First I.E- x + energy--> x+ + e- Second I.E- x+ + energy--> x2+ +e-
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| What is the I.E trend? | Higher and farthest to right = high I.E
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| What is the electron affinity trend? | Higher and farthest right= high E.A (more negative)
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| What is the shielding trend? | Increases as we go down and to the right
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| What is the atomic radius trend? | Increases as we go up and to the left
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| What are the trends in Ionic Raduis? | -Anions-bigger than nuetral atom -Cations-smaller than nuetral atom
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| What is the trend to size? | Farther down and to the left the bigger
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| What is covanent bonding? | The sharing of electrons, nonmetal & nonmetal (equal sharing) Usually between same elements.
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| What is ionic bonding? | The transfer of electrons, nonmetal & metal (completely transfer)
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| Metals tend to ___ electrons to achieve Noble Gas config. Nonmetals tend to ____ electons to acheive Noble Gas config. | lose, gain
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| What is polar covalent bonds? | Unequal sharing. Usually between different nonmetals
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| What is the elecronegativity trend? | Increases up and to the right
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