Sulfonamides, rifampin, nitrofurantion, chloramphenicol
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| Sulfonamides MOA | They are analogue of PABA hich binds dihydropeteroate synthase which would normally catalyze the first step of dihydrofolic acid synthesis (purine, thymidine- DNA)
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| Trimethoprim MOA | Structural analogue of duhydrofolic acid, it binds the dihydrofolate reductase and inhibits the concversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate
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| Rifampin MOA | Bacterialcidal binds to the B-subunit of RNA polymerase and inhibits the initation of transcription
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| Nitrofurantion MOA | The AB is initially reduced to the ROS which interacts with DNA. At low concentrations it is a bacteriostatic at high it is a bacteriocidal
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| Chlorampenicol MOA | Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic against most organisms but Bactericidal against S. pneumoniae, H. influ, N. meningitis
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| Resistance of Sulfonamides | Intrinsic resistance (E. facalis, lactobacilli-auxotrophic for folic acid), aquired resistance via single chromosomal mutation or plasmid mediated, alterations in enzyme, or PABA
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| Resistance of trimethoprim | Aquired resistance via chromosomal and plasmid mutation, decreased affinity of enzyme, hyperproduction of dihydrofolate, decrease porin permibility
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| Resistance of Rifampin | Aquired mutation-single monotherapy lead to mutation of RNA polymerase B-subunit. ALWAYS USE COMBO DRUG
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| Resistance of nitrofurantion | Aquired mutation causes reduced ROS generation or changes in permibility
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| Gram + aerobic activity of sulfonamides | Acinomycetes, listeria, nocardia, mycobacteium, staph aureus, strep
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| Gram- aerobic activity of sulfonamides | Burkholderia, enterobacteriae, heameophilus, neisseria, pseudomonas, stenotrophomonas
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| Anaerobic activity of sulfonamides | bacteroides (not fragilis) Gardenerella
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| Atypical activity of Sulfonamides | Chlaymidia, legionella
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| Protozian activity of sulfonamides | Acanthamoeba, Pneumocystis, toxoplasma, plasmodium falciparum
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| Fungi activity of sulfonamides | Histoplasma capsulatum, paracoccidodes brasilensis
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| Gram + aerobe activity of Rifampin | Strep A, B, C, G, pneumonia,MSSA, MRSA, Coag(-),ornybacterium, listeria
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| anaerobic activity of rifampin | NONE
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| Gram - aerobe activity of rifampin | N. gonorrheae, meningitis, M. cararrhalis, H. influenza, F. tularensis, Brucella, bartonella henselae,
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| Atypical activity of rifampin | Chlamydia, mycobacterium, leginella, Teberculosis,
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| Gram + aerobic activity of nitrofurantion | Strep A, V, C, G, and pneumonia, MSSA, enterococcus
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| Gram - aerobic activity of nitrofurantion | N. gonorrhoeae, E. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, salmonella, shigella
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| Anerobic activity of nitrofurantion | NONE
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| Gram + aerobic activity of Chloramphenicol | Strep A, B, C, G, penumonia,MSSA, MRSA (some), enterococci, bacillus anthracis
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| Gram + anaerobic | Actinomycetes, Clostridium, peptostreptococcus
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| Gram - aerobes activity of chloramphenicol | Haemophilus, moraxella, aeromonas, salmonella, shiegella, e. coli, klebsiella, proteus, neisseria, vibria, brucella, yersina, pseudomonias (not aurginosa)
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| Gram - anaerobes activity of chloramphenicol | Bacteroides, provotella
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| Sulfonamides short to medium activity | Rapid absorption and elimination t1/2 11 hours
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| Long acting sulfonamides | Only Silfathoxine used t1/2 100-200 hrs treatment for P. falcioarum
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| Topical sulfonamides | Suldacetamide used in opthalamic and solutions
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| Slufamethoxazole and trimethoprim clinical use | UTI, STD, FIRST LINE pneumonia, enteric infections
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| Rifampin clinical used | Mycobacterial infections (pulmonary TB), Meningitis prophylaxis, Endocarditis, Meningitis
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| Nitrofurantion clinical use | Uncomplicated UTI
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| Chloramphenicol clinical use | Rarely used due to aplasic anemia which is not reversible!!!!
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