Key words for AQA AS Chemistry
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| What does Acid rain consist of? | Quantities of Carbonic, Nitric and Sulfuric Acids.
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| Define 'Atomic Number' | The number of Protons in the nucleus of an Atom
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| What is the avagadro's constant? | 6.022 x 10 23rd particles mol -1
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| Describe the Catalytic Cracking proccess. | Occurs when the energy required for bond breaking in Hydrocarbons is provided by heat, in the presence of a catalyst.
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| Describe the Thermal Cracking process. | Occurs when the energy required for bond breaking in hydrocarbons is provided by heat.
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| What are Chain Isomers? | Structural Isomers which occur when there are two or more ways of arranging the carbon skeleton of a molecule.
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| What is the formula for working out concentration? | Number of moles of solute/volume of solution in dm3 = with units mol dm-3
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| What is a co-ordinate bond? | A covalent bond formed when the pair of electrons originate from one atom.
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| Describe a covalent bond. | A bond which involes a shared pair of electrons between two atoms.
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| What is the Cracking proccess? | Occurs when large Alkanes are broken into smaller molecules.
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| What is Electronegativity? | The power of an atom to attract the shared electrons in a covalent bond.
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| What is the Empirical formula? | The SIMPLEST ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
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| What is Enthalpy change? | The amount of heat energy released or absorbed when a chemical or physical change occurs at constant pressure.
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| What is 'Enthalpy of fusion'? | The enthalpy required to change one mole of a solid into a liquid. X(s) -> X(l)
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| What is Enthalpy of vaporisation? | The enthalpy required to change one mole of a liquid into a gas. X(l) -> X(g)
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| Define the first ionisation energy. | The enthalpy change for the removal of one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms of an element in the gas phase. X(g)->X+(g) +e-
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| What is a functional group? | An atom or group of atoms which, when present in different molecules, causes them to have similar chemical properties.
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| What are functional group isomers? | Structural isomers which contain different functional groups.
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| Describe a Giant Ionic lattice/Ionic crystal. | A laticem of positive and negative ions bound together by electrostatic attractions.
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| Describe a Giant metallic lattice/Metallic crystal. | A lattice of metal ions surrounded by delocalised electrons.
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| What are greenhouse gases? | Gases in the atmosphere which absorb infra-red radiation (e.g water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone).
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| What are the Homologous series? | A family of organic molecules which all contain the same functional group, but have an increasing number of carbon atoms.
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| What is hydrogen bonding? | An intermolecular force between the lone pair on an electronegative atom (N, O or F) and a hydrogen atom bonded to such an electronegative atom.
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| What counts as an 'Ideal Gas'? | One that obeys the idea gas equation, pv=nRT
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| What is an ionic bond? | The Electrostatic force of attraction between opositely charged ions.
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| Describe an Ion. | An atom or group of atoms which has lost or gained one r more electrons, giving it a negative or positive charge.
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| What are 'Isomers'? | Molecules with the same chemical formula, but in which the atms are arranged differently.
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| What are 'Isotopes'? | Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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| Describe a macromolecular (giant) Crystal | A large, covalently bonded lattice structure.
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| Definw a macromolecule. | A large molecule.
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| What does the mass number (A) represent? | The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one atom of the element.
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| Describe metallic bonding. | Elecrostatic atteaction between metal ions and delocalised electrons.
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| What is a 'mole'? | A quantity of particles. 1 mole is 6.022 x 10 23rd particles.
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| What is the molecular formula? | The actual numbers of atoms in each element in a molecule.
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| What do neutral atoms contain? | The same number of protons and electrons.
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| What are 'orbitals'? | Volumes in space around the nucleus within which electrons are most likely to be found.
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| What is the equation for 'Percentage atom economy'? | [Mass of desired product/total mass of reactants]x100
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| What is the definition of 'percentage atom economy'? | A measure of how much of a desired product in a reaction is formed from the reactants.
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| What is 'Percentage yield'? | It is a practical measure of the effciency of a reaction.
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| What is the equation for percentage yield? | [Actual mass of product/maximum mass of products] x 100
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| What is 'Polarity'? | It is the displacement of electron density (formation of an electric dipole) in a covalent bond, orin a moleule, due to a difference in electronegativity.
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| What are position isomers? | Structural isomers which have the same carbon skeleton and the same functional group, but the functional group is in a different place on the chain.
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| What is the formula for relative atomic mass (Ar)? | Average mass of one atom of an element/1/12 x the mass of one atom of C12
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| What is the formula for relative molecular mass (Mr)? | Average mass of one molecule/ 1/12 x the mass of one atom of C12
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| What are saturated Hydrocarbons? | They contain C-C single bonds and C-H bonds.
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| What is a 'Square Planar'? | The spatial arrangement of a central aom surrounded by four atoms situated at the corners of a square.
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