Chapters 1 and 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Intensive | Independent of quantity
-melting point
-boiling point
-specific gravity
-density
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| Extensive | Dependent of quantity
-mass
-volume
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| Pure | element N2
Compound O2
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| Mixture | air
seawater
coffee
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| Heterogeneous Mixture | not evenly distributed
non-uniform composition
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| error | guesstimation
systematic error: near average
random error: scattered points
-not close
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| accurate | very close to the actual value
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| precise | systematic error
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| US units for mass | grams
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| energy | capacity to do work
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| 3 phases of matter | solid, liquid, gases
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| Scientific Method | systematic approach to acquiring information
observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, theory, law
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| Matter | anything that has mass and occupies space
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| Physical Property | no change in composition or identity
-melting point
-boiling point
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| Chemical Property | change in composition
-seen only through chemical reaction
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| Physical Change | produces a recognizable change in the appearance but no change in composition or identity
-snow, rain, humidity
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| Chemical Reaction | process of rearranging, removing, replacing, or adding atoms to produce new substances
-photosynthesis
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| Density | g/mL
volume displacement (lab)
water = 1.00 g/mL
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| Specific Gravity | no units
-comparing to the density of water
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| Atom | -basic unit of an element
-smallest unit of an element that retains chemical properties of element
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| Daltons Theory | 1.all matter consists of tiny particles called atoms
2.atom cannot be created, destroyed, divided in to any other type of atom
-nuclear fission: spliting of an atom
-nuclear fusion: sun
3.atoms of any one element have identical properties-ISOTOPE
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| Dalton's Theory continued | 4.atoms of different elements have different properties
5.atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to produce compounds
-stable aggregates of atoms
6.chemical changes will involve joining, separating, or rearranging atoms
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| Daltons Theory -incorrect theory | 2 and 3 are false
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| Properties of Metals | POSITIVE CHARGE
shiny
ductile
malleable
-good conductors of heat and electricity
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| Properties of non-metals | NEGATIVE CHARGE
dull
brittle
poor conductors of heat and electricity
-good insulators
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| Properties of mettaloids | better conductors than non-metals
-not as good as metals
used as semiconductors and insulators
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| Electron Affinity | gains electrons
-gives off energy
-increase across a period
-decrease down a group
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| Ionization Energy | wants to become positively charged
-gives off energy
-loses electrons
-increase across a period
-decrease down a group
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| Standard unit for length | meter (m)
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| Celsius | C=Tf-32/1.8
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| Fahrenheit | F=1.8(Tc)+32
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| Kelvin | K=Tc +273
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| Alkaline Metals | Group 1A conduct electricity
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| Alkaline-earth metals | normally found in rocks
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| Noble Gases | inner, colorless gases
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| Subatomic Particles | first discovered with cathode ray tube
-evidence of protons and neutrons
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| Thomson Model | particles are spread out evenly through the entire sphere
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| Geiger/Ritherford Model | dense, positively charged nucleus
gold foil experiment
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| Gold Foil Experiment | shoot radio-active particles through gold-foil
-some shot back at him
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| Atomic Number | number of protons
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| Mass Number | number of protons and neutrons
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| Isotope | different mass numbers (dif. neutrons)
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| Thallium Stress test | can test the stress in a heart by looking at the light that glows
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| calculate the atomic mass of naturally occuring chlorine if 75.77% of chlorine atoms are chlorine-35 and 24.23% of chlorine atomes are chlorine-37. | *convert percentages to decimal fraction
0.7577 chlorine-35
0.2432 chlorine-37
*multiply decimal fraction by the mass of that isotope
0.7577 x 35.00 amu = 26.52 amu
0.2432x37.00amu=8.965amu
*sum these partial weights
26.52+8.965=35.49 amu
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| electron energy level | electrons arranged in specific energy levels
n= 1
n=2
n=3
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| Sub level | contains electrons with same energy
s,p,d,f
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| Orbitals | 3-D space around nucleus where electrons are most likely found
-represents electron density
HOLDS TWO ELECTRONS
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| Octet Rule | 8 valence electrons
atoms gain, lose or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons
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| Ions | formed by octet rule
metals: for cations
-lose valence electrons to achieve octet
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| Isoelectronic | atom of different elements having same electron configuration
-same number of electrons
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| Cation Size | cations are smaller than parent atoms
more protons than electrons = increase in nuclear charge
-extra protons pull electrons closer to nucleus
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| Anion Size | larger than parent atom
excess negative charge decreases pull of nucleus on each individual electronic
-multiple negative charges larger than mono negative ions
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| Ionization Energy | energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom
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| Electron Affinity | -energy released when single electrons are added to an atom
-indicates ease of anion formation
-large electron affinity
-atom becomes more stable forming anions
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| Law | summary of a large quantity of information
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| Hypothesis | attempt to explain an observation
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| Theory | hypothesis supported by testing that explains scientific facts
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