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BMB Test 1
Chapters 1 and 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intensive | Independent of quantity -melting point -boiling point -specific gravity -density |
| Extensive | Dependent of quantity -mass -volume |
| Pure | element N2 Compound O2 |
| Mixture | air seawater coffee |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | not evenly distributed non-uniform composition |
| error | guesstimation systematic error: near average random error: scattered points -not close |
| accurate | very close to the actual value |
| precise | systematic error |
| US units for mass | grams |
| energy | capacity to do work |
| 3 phases of matter | solid, liquid, gases |
| Scientific Method | systematic approach to acquiring information observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, theory, law |
| Matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| Physical Property | no change in composition or identity -melting point -boiling point |
| Chemical Property | change in composition -seen only through chemical reaction |
| Physical Change | produces a recognizable change in the appearance but no change in composition or identity -snow, rain, humidity |
| Chemical Reaction | process of rearranging, removing, replacing, or adding atoms to produce new substances -photosynthesis |
| Density | g/mL volume displacement (lab) water = 1.00 g/mL |
| Specific Gravity | no units -comparing to the density of water |
| Atom | -basic unit of an element -smallest unit of an element that retains chemical properties of element |
| Daltons Theory | 1.all matter consists of tiny particles called atoms 2.atom cannot be created, destroyed, divided in to any other type of atom -nuclear fission: spliting of an atom -nuclear fusion: sun 3.atoms of any one element have identical properties-ISOTOPE |
| Dalton's Theory continued | 4.atoms of different elements have different properties 5.atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to produce compounds -stable aggregates of atoms 6.chemical changes will involve joining, separating, or rearranging atoms |
| Daltons Theory -incorrect theory | 2 and 3 are false |
| Properties of Metals | POSITIVE CHARGE shiny ductile malleable -good conductors of heat and electricity |
| Properties of non-metals | NEGATIVE CHARGE dull brittle poor conductors of heat and electricity -good insulators |
| Properties of mettaloids | better conductors than non-metals -not as good as metals used as semiconductors and insulators |
| Electron Affinity | gains electrons -gives off energy -increase across a period -decrease down a group |
| Ionization Energy | wants to become positively charged -gives off energy -loses electrons -increase across a period -decrease down a group |
| Standard unit for length | meter (m) |
| Celsius | C=Tf-32/1.8 |
| Fahrenheit | F=1.8(Tc)+32 |
| Kelvin | K=Tc +273 |
| Alkaline Metals | Group 1A conduct electricity |
| Alkaline-earth metals | normally found in rocks |
| Noble Gases | inner, colorless gases |
| Subatomic Particles | first discovered with cathode ray tube -evidence of protons and neutrons |
| Thomson Model | particles are spread out evenly through the entire sphere |
| Geiger/Ritherford Model | dense, positively charged nucleus gold foil experiment |
| Gold Foil Experiment | shoot radio-active particles through gold-foil -some shot back at him |
| Atomic Number | number of protons |
| Mass Number | number of protons and neutrons |
| Isotope | different mass numbers (dif. neutrons) |
| Thallium Stress test | can test the stress in a heart by looking at the light that glows |
| calculate the atomic mass of naturally occuring chlorine if 75.77% of chlorine atoms are chlorine-35 and 24.23% of chlorine atomes are chlorine-37. | *convert percentages to decimal fraction 0.7577 chlorine-35 0.2432 chlorine-37 *multiply decimal fraction by the mass of that isotope 0.7577 x 35.00 amu = 26.52 amu 0.2432x37.00amu=8.965amu *sum these partial weights 26.52+8.965=35.49 amu |
| electron energy level | electrons arranged in specific energy levels n= 1 n=2 n=3 |
| Sub level | contains electrons with same energy s,p,d,f |
| Orbitals | 3-D space around nucleus where electrons are most likely found -represents electron density HOLDS TWO ELECTRONS |
| Octet Rule | 8 valence electrons atoms gain, lose or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons |
| Ions | formed by octet rule metals: for cations -lose valence electrons to achieve octet |
| Isoelectronic | atom of different elements having same electron configuration -same number of electrons |
| Cation Size | cations are smaller than parent atoms more protons than electrons = increase in nuclear charge -extra protons pull electrons closer to nucleus |
| Anion Size | larger than parent atom excess negative charge decreases pull of nucleus on each individual electronic -multiple negative charges larger than mono negative ions |
| Ionization Energy | energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom |
| Electron Affinity | -energy released when single electrons are added to an atom -indicates ease of anion formation -large electron affinity -atom becomes more stable forming anions |
| Law | summary of a large quantity of information |
| Hypothesis | attempt to explain an observation |
| Theory | hypothesis supported by testing that explains scientific facts |
Created by:
megstah77
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