chem_ch2
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| believed all matter was composed of 4 elements: earth, air, fire, and water | Greeks (400 B.C.)
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| tried to turn cheap medals into gold | Alchemists (400 B.C. - 1600 A.D.)
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| was the first chemist to perform truly quantitative experiments | Boyl (1600s)
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| discovered oxygen | Priestly (1700)
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| is often called the father of modern chemistry. | Lavosier (1700s)
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| discovered the law of conversation of mass which says that matter is neither created nor destroyed | Lavosier (1700s)
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| discovered the law of definite proportion | Proust (1700s)
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| the law of definite proportion | a compound has a constant composition
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| discovered the law of multiple proportions | Dalton (1700s)
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| when Dalton's Atomic Theory was created | 1808
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| 1st point of Dalton's Atomic Theory | all elements are composed of atoms which are indivisible and indistinctible particles
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| 2nd point of Dalton's Atomic Theory | atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other.
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| 3rd point of Dalton's Atomic Theory | compounds are found by the joining of atoms of different elements
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| 4th point of Dalton's Atomic Theory | chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged
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| did gas experiments which have chemists the key for determining chemical formulas | Gay-Lussac (1800s)
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| added large amounts of electrical energy to small quantities of gases in tubes | J.J. Thomson
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| tubes where large amounts of electrical energy to small gases were in | cathode-ray tubes
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| showed that cathode-rays are attracted to metal plates that have a positive electrical charge | J.J. Thomson
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| believed that cathode-rays were actually a stream of negatively charged particles which he called electrons | J. J. Thomson
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| a stream of negatively charged particles | electrons
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| determined the change-to-mass ratio of an electron | J.J. Thomson
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| discovered the electron | J.J. Thomson
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| developed the plum pudding model of the atom | J.J. Thomson
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| discovered the charge on an electron | Millikan
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| calculated the mass of the electron to be 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom | Millikan
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| student of Thomson | Rutherford
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| discovered protons | Rutherford
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| developed the nuclear model of the atom | Rutherford
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| predicted the existence of neutrons | Rutherford
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| has virtually the same mass as the proton but no charge | neutrons
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| have a positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron's negative charge | protons
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| is the number of protons in an atom | atomic number
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| z | atomic number
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| each element has a unique _____ | atomic number
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| is the number of electrons in a neutral atom | atomic number
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| sum of the protons and neutrons | mass number
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| a | mass number
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| mass of an atom | mass number
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| subtract the atomic number from it and you get the number of neutrons in the atom | mass number
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| atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons | isotopes
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| most are produced artificially | isotopes
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| most do not exist naturally | isotopes
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| most common isotope of hydrogen | hydrogen-1 or hydrogen
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| hydrogen-2 | deuterium
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| hydrogen-3 | tritium
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| the smallest electrically neutral unit of a substance that still has the properties of the substance | molecule
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| are made up of two or more atoms bonded together | molecule
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| examples of molecules | O2, O3, CH4, H2O, CO2
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| compounds composed of molecules | molecular compounds
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| tend to have low melting points and boiling points | molecular compounds
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| exist as gases or liquids at room temperature | molecular compounds
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| most are compounds of atoms of two or more nonmetals | molecular compounds
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| seven diatomic elements | hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, nitrogen
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| color of chlorine | green
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| color of bromine | reddish brown
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| color of iodine | violet
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| are the "shorthand" that chemists use to describe compounds | chemical formulas
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| represent the combination of a substance | chemical formulas
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| consist of chemical symbol and subscripts | chemical formulas
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| represent the elements present in the substance | chemical symbols
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| represent the ration of elements present | subscripts
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| 3 types of chemical formulas | empirical, molecular and structural
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| represents the simplest ratio in which the atoms combine | empirical
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| its subscripts are reduced | empirical
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| represents the actual ratio in which the atoms combine | molecular
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| gives the total # of atoms of each element present in the molecule | molecular
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| is sometimes also the empirical formula | molecular
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| shows the way atoms are joined together in a molecule | structural
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| are atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge | ions
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| tend to form positive ions by losing one or more electrons | metallic elements
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| tend to form negative ions by gaining one or more electrons | ions
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| any atom or group of atoms that has a positive charge | cation
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| has more protons than electrons | cation
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| any atom or group of atoms that has a negative charge | anion
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| has more electrons than protons | anion
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| its name ends in -ide, ite, or ate | anion
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| tightly bound group of atoms that behave as a unit and carries a charge | polyatomic ion
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| ionic compound | salt
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| composed of cations and anions | ionic compounds
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| are electrically neutral | ionic compounds
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| their total + charge = their total - charge | ionic compounds
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| usually solids at room temperature | ionic compounds
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| most are composed of metals and nonmetals | ionic compounds
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| elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number | periodic table
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| elements are arranged in order of | increasing atomic number
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| horizontal rows | periods
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| the properties of the elements change as you move across a | period
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| the patterns of properties within a _____ repeats when you move from one ____ to the next | period
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| vertical rows | groups or families
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| the elements in each ____ have similar chemical and physical properties | group
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| group 1A | alkali metals
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| very active metals that form +1 ions when reacted with nonmetals | 1A
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| group 2A | alkaline earth metals
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| form +2 ions when reacted with nonmetals | 2A
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| group 7A | halogens
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| form -ions when reacted with metal | 7A
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| group 8A | nobles gases
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| tend to exist as isolated atoms | 8A
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| do not react readily with other elements | 8A
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| are monatomic | 8A
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| are the representative elements | group a
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| they exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical properties | group a
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| consists of the transition metals and the inner transition metals | group b
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| 3 classes of elements | metals, nonmetals, metalloids
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| properties: high electrical conductivity, high luster, ductile, malleable | metal
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| properties: low electrical conductivity, low luster, some are gases, some are brittle solids | nonmetals
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| B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At | metalloids
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| name given to the empirical formula of an ionic compound | formula unit
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| shows the lowest whole # ratio of ions | formula unit
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| its total + charge = total - charge | formula unit
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| contain 2 elements | binary ionic compounds (type 1)
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| are composed of 2 different nonmetallic elements | binary molecular compounds
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| binary covalent compounds | binary molecular compounds
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| compounds that produce H+ ions when dissolved in water | acids
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| hydrochloric acid | HCl
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| sulfuric acid | H2SO4
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| nitric acids | HNO3
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| mass is neither created nor destroyed | low of conservation of mass
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| a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion elements | law of definite proportion
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| a law stating that when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers | law of multiple proportions
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| the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring element | atomic weights
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| equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles | Avogadro's hypothesis
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| the "rays" emanating from the negative electrode (cathode) in a partially evacuated tube; a stream of electrons | cathode-ray tube
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| a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom | electron
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| the spontaneous decomposition of a nucleus of an atoms | radioactivity
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| an atom having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) with electrons moving around the outside | nuclear atom
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| the small, dense center of positive charge in an atom | nucleus
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| a positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus | protons
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| a particle in the atomic nucleus with mass virtually equal to the proton's but with no charge | neutron
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| atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) with different numbers of neutrons. they have identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers | isotopes
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic number
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| the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus of an atom | mass number
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| the force or, more accurately, the energy, that holds two atoms together in a compound | chemical bond
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| a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms | covalent bond
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| a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements | molecule
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| the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms | chemical formula
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| the representation of a molecule in which the relative positions of the atoms are shown and the bonds are indicated by lines | structural formula
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| a model of a molecule showing the relative sizes of atoms and their relative orientations | space-filling model
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| a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly | ball-and-stick model
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| an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge | ion
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| a positive ion | cation
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| a negative ion | anion
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| the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions | ionic bond
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| a solid containing cations and anions that dissolves in water to have a solution containing the separated ions which are mobile and thus free to conduct electrical current | ionic solid (salt)
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| an ion containing a number of atoms | polyatomic ion
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| a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns with similar chemical properties | periodic table
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| an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity | metal
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| an element not exhibiting metallic characteristics. Chemically, a typical nonmetals accepts electrons from a metal. | nonmetal
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| a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and showing similar properties | group (family)
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| a group 1A | Alkali metals
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| group 2A metals | alkaline earth metals
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| a group 7A element | halogens
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| a group 8A element | noble gases
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| a two-element compound | binary compounds
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| a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor | acid
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