Cell Composition and Processes
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| Vesicle | MEMBRANOUS, fluid filled pouch in a plant or animal; Ex: nucleus or cell
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| Organelle | a specialized cellular part that is analagous to an organ that must have a function; Ex: mitochondrion, lysosomes, or ribosome
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| Prokaryotes | no nucleus
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| no membrane bound organelles
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| simple internal structure
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| Ex: E. coli, straphylococcus, streptococcus
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| Eukaryotes | true nucleus
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| complex internal structure with cytoskeleton
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| numerous membrane bound organelles
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| Ex: saccharomyces (fungi), oryza sativa (rice), and Homo sapiens
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| Plasma Membrane | regulates passing of material through the cell
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| Cytosol | fluid within the cell that contains organelles and particles
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| Nucleus | contains the cellular DNA, the location of replication and transcription
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| Chromatin- contents of nucleus (DNA,RNA, and protein)
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| Cytoskeleton | microfilaments- contains protein actin, responsible for cell movement
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| microtubules- composed of protein tubules (polymers), scaffolding of the cell to provide shape and tracks for movement, creat spindle fibers for mitosis
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| Intermediate filaments- tensile strength- holds membrane together
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| Mitochondria | extracts energy from nutrients to produce ATP, considered to be the POWERHOUSE of the cell, ATP production, have their own DNA,and replicates completely seperate from the cell; more surface area= more enzymes
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | carries out metabolic process, and packaging of materials to the golgi appartus
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| Rough ER- protein synthesis, ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
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| Smooth ER- lipid synthesis
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| Golgi Appartus | 4 stacked thin flat vesicle layersUPS;take material delivered by the ER; modify, process, and repackage them to form lysosomes, secretoty vesicles and other cytoplasmic competents; cis face- vesicle coming in from GA, trans face- vesicles leaving the GA
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| Proteoglycan Synthesis- large saccharide polymers attached to proteins; synthesis of compounds needed to replenish cellular and organelle membranes
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| Lysosomes | Digest pinocytotic and phagocytotic vesicles Autophagy Damage Repair and analysis of cell
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| Secretory Vesicles | packaged by the GA, carries material that is released (secret) from cell via exocytosis to cell membrane; hormones, neurotransmitters, zymogens(inactive enzymes which are activated later)
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| Pinocytotic vessicle | brings in macromolecules (small) that has gone through pinocytosis
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| Clarithin | pulling the borders of the put up and over the macromolecule and the surrounding extracellular fluid only in Pinocytosis
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| Phagocytic Vescles | brings in larger molecules
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| Endocytosis | cell bring in nutrients and other substances by mechanisms other than diffusion or active transport
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| Pinocytosis- brings in macromolecules; macromolecule binds to specific receptor in the cell membrane in locations called caoted pits, immediately beneath coated pits it a latticework of a fibrous protein called clathrin, binding at the receptor
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| causes the whole coated pit to invaginate, the clathrin fibers contract; pulling the borders of the pit up and over the macromolecule and the surrounding extracellular fluid, finally the invaginated portion of membrane breaks away from the surface
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| Phagocytosis- same process as pinocytosis except uses larger particles and instead of clatharin it uses actin-myosin interaction within the cytoskeleton microfilaments
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| Exocytosis | the cell releases compound from within a vesicle to the outside of the cell, vesicle membrane and cell membrane fuse together outside of the cell releasing the compound
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| Autophagy | if there is damgage to an organelle it recycled
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| Microautophagy- direct ingestion of cellular components by the lysosome in a process similar to phagocytosis
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| Macroautophagy- a defective organelle will get a signal to creat a membrane around itself creating a AUTOPHAGOSOME; the autophagosome will then fuse with the lysosome and its contents will be digested by the hydrolases
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| Apoptosis | programmed or signaled cell death without surrounding areas, with no inflammation and it is a clean cut area; intracellular
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| Necrosis | abnormal cell death and causes damage to the surrounding cells; extracellular damage, cell bursts, and uncontained
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| Autolysis | if the entire cell is damaged, it digested by this process, damage repair (intracellular)
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| Protein Synthesis | occurs in the rough ER
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| Lipid Synthesis-degradation | occurs in the smooth ER
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| glycolysis | occurs in the cytosol
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| drug metabolism |
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| proteoglycan sythesis | occurs in the Golgi Appartus; sythesis of compounds needed to replenish cellular and organelle membranes; principle components of the matrices of bone and cartilage
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| endoplasmic matrix | space within the ER is where it is filled with fluid, very different the cytosol
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| Why does the ER attached to the nucleus? | RNA must get from nucleus to ER(rough)to make proteins
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| Hydrolases | enzymes are used by the cell to digest various materials (lysosomes)
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| Proteasome | responsible for the breakdown of proteins within the cell, tightly controlled and regulated
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| Ubiquitin-labels proteins, so proteases recognize and breakdown; not degraded but recycled
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| Apoptosis | breakdown by CASPASES- large class of enzymes use to breakdown cytoskeletons, organelles tightly packed, DNA condenses, nucleus collapses, BLEBS- cell membrane shows irregular buds called blebs, cell breaks apart into several apoptotic vesicles
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| required for normal function, differentiation, and recycling within an organism: digitation of fetus hands/feet, sloughing of uterus lining during menstruation, proper formation of synaptic connections, destruction of virus infected cells
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| disruption of normal apoptotic processes can lead to several diseases | inhibition- cancer, autoimmune diseases(lupus), inflammatory disease (asthma)
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| activation- AIDS, Neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's), Hematologic (aplastic anemia)
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| cellular sythesis and secreation of angiotensinogen from nucleus to exocytosis | transcription of DNA-ER thru pores-protein synthesis-ER vesicle-GA (cis face)- secretory vesicle-exocytosis
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| Vesicles or Organelles | CELL- V Nucleus- V & O ER- V & O Mitochondria- V & O GA- V & O Lysosomes- V & O Ribosomes- O Cytosol- neither
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Created by:
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