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Assessment 1.2
Cell Composition and Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vesicle | MEMBRANOUS, fluid filled pouch in a plant or animal; Ex: nucleus or cell |
| Organelle | a specialized cellular part that is analagous to an organ that must have a function; Ex: mitochondrion, lysosomes, or ribosome |
| Prokaryotes | no nucleus |
| no membrane bound organelles | |
| simple internal structure | |
| Ex: E. coli, straphylococcus, streptococcus | |
| Eukaryotes | true nucleus |
| complex internal structure with cytoskeleton | |
| numerous membrane bound organelles | |
| Ex: saccharomyces (fungi), oryza sativa (rice), and Homo sapiens | |
| Plasma Membrane | regulates passing of material through the cell |
| Cytosol | fluid within the cell that contains organelles and particles |
| Nucleus | contains the cellular DNA, the location of replication and transcription |
| Chromatin- contents of nucleus (DNA,RNA, and protein) | |
| Cytoskeleton | microfilaments- contains protein actin, responsible for cell movement |
| microtubules- composed of protein tubules (polymers), scaffolding of the cell to provide shape and tracks for movement, creat spindle fibers for mitosis | |
| Intermediate filaments- tensile strength- holds membrane together | |
| Mitochondria | extracts energy from nutrients to produce ATP, considered to be the POWERHOUSE of the cell, ATP production, have their own DNA,and replicates completely seperate from the cell; more surface area= more enzymes |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | carries out metabolic process, and packaging of materials to the golgi appartus |
| Rough ER- protein synthesis, ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis | |
| Smooth ER- lipid synthesis | |
| Golgi Appartus | 4 stacked thin flat vesicle layersUPS;take material delivered by the ER; modify, process, and repackage them to form lysosomes, secretoty vesicles and other cytoplasmic competents; cis face- vesicle coming in from GA, trans face- vesicles leaving the GA |
| Proteoglycan Synthesis- large saccharide polymers attached to proteins; synthesis of compounds needed to replenish cellular and organelle membranes | |
| Lysosomes | Digest pinocytotic and phagocytotic vesicles Autophagy Damage Repair and analysis of cell |
| Secretory Vesicles | packaged by the GA, carries material that is released (secret) from cell via exocytosis to cell membrane; hormones, neurotransmitters, zymogens(inactive enzymes which are activated later) |
| Pinocytotic vessicle | brings in macromolecules (small) that has gone through pinocytosis |
| Clarithin | pulling the borders of the put up and over the macromolecule and the surrounding extracellular fluid only in Pinocytosis |
| Phagocytic Vescles | brings in larger molecules |
| Endocytosis | cell bring in nutrients and other substances by mechanisms other than diffusion or active transport |
| Pinocytosis- brings in macromolecules; macromolecule binds to specific receptor in the cell membrane in locations called caoted pits, immediately beneath coated pits it a latticework of a fibrous protein called clathrin, binding at the receptor | |
| causes the whole coated pit to invaginate, the clathrin fibers contract; pulling the borders of the pit up and over the macromolecule and the surrounding extracellular fluid, finally the invaginated portion of membrane breaks away from the surface | |
| Phagocytosis- same process as pinocytosis except uses larger particles and instead of clatharin it uses actin-myosin interaction within the cytoskeleton microfilaments | |
| Exocytosis | the cell releases compound from within a vesicle to the outside of the cell, vesicle membrane and cell membrane fuse together outside of the cell releasing the compound |
| Autophagy | if there is damgage to an organelle it recycled |
| Microautophagy- direct ingestion of cellular components by the lysosome in a process similar to phagocytosis | |
| Macroautophagy- a defective organelle will get a signal to creat a membrane around itself creating a AUTOPHAGOSOME; the autophagosome will then fuse with the lysosome and its contents will be digested by the hydrolases | |
| Apoptosis | programmed or signaled cell death without surrounding areas, with no inflammation and it is a clean cut area; intracellular |
| Necrosis | abnormal cell death and causes damage to the surrounding cells; extracellular damage, cell bursts, and uncontained |
| Autolysis | if the entire cell is damaged, it digested by this process, damage repair (intracellular) |
| Protein Synthesis | occurs in the rough ER |
| Lipid Synthesis-degradation | occurs in the smooth ER |
| glycolysis | occurs in the cytosol |
| drug metabolism | |
| proteoglycan sythesis | occurs in the Golgi Appartus; sythesis of compounds needed to replenish cellular and organelle membranes; principle components of the matrices of bone and cartilage |
| endoplasmic matrix | space within the ER is where it is filled with fluid, very different the cytosol |
| Why does the ER attached to the nucleus? | RNA must get from nucleus to ER(rough)to make proteins |
| Hydrolases | enzymes are used by the cell to digest various materials (lysosomes) |
| Proteasome | responsible for the breakdown of proteins within the cell, tightly controlled and regulated |
| Ubiquitin-labels proteins, so proteases recognize and breakdown; not degraded but recycled | |
| Apoptosis | breakdown by CASPASES- large class of enzymes use to breakdown cytoskeletons, organelles tightly packed, DNA condenses, nucleus collapses, BLEBS- cell membrane shows irregular buds called blebs, cell breaks apart into several apoptotic vesicles |
| required for normal function, differentiation, and recycling within an organism: digitation of fetus hands/feet, sloughing of uterus lining during menstruation, proper formation of synaptic connections, destruction of virus infected cells | |
| disruption of normal apoptotic processes can lead to several diseases | inhibition- cancer, autoimmune diseases(lupus), inflammatory disease (asthma) |
| activation- AIDS, Neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's), Hematologic (aplastic anemia) | |
| cellular sythesis and secreation of angiotensinogen from nucleus to exocytosis | transcription of DNA-ER thru pores-protein synthesis-ER vesicle-GA (cis face)- secretory vesicle-exocytosis |
| Vesicles or Organelles | CELL- V Nucleus- V & O ER- V & O Mitochondria- V & O GA- V & O Lysosomes- V & O Ribosomes- O Cytosol- neither |
Created by:
lisagoette
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