chem_test1
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| the process of studying natural phenomena, involving observations, forming laws. and theories, and testing of theories by experimentation | scientific method
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| quantitative observation that has a number and a scale | measurement
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| one or more assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of nature | hypothesis
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| a set of assumptions put forth to explain some aspect of the observed behavior of matter | theory
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| (theory) a set of assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of matter. The models of chemistry usually involve assumptions about the behavior of individual atoms or molecules. | model
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| a statement that expresses generally observed behavior | natural law
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| mass is neither created nor destroyed | law of conservation of mass
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| international system of units based on the metric system and units derived from the metric system | SI system
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| the quantity of matter in an object | mass
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| the force exerted on an object by gravity | weight
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| (in measurement) the characteristic that any measurement involves estimated and cannot be exactly reproduced | uncertainty
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| the certain digits and the first uncertain digit of a measurement | significant figure
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| the agreement of a particular value with the true value | accuracy
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| the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity; the reproducibility of a measurement | precision
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| an error that has an equal probability of being high or low | random error
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| an error that always occurs in the same direction | systematic error
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| expresses a number N x 10^m, a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indicating the number of significant figures | exponential notation
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| an equivalence statement between units used for converting from 1 unit to another | unit factor method
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| unit factor method | dimensional analysis
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| a property of matter representing the mass per unit volume | density
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| the material of the universe | matter
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| the three different forms in which matter can exist; solid, liquid, and gas | states (of matter)
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| having visibly indistinguishable parts | homogeneous mixture
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| having visibly distinguishable parts | heterogeneous mixture
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| a homogeneous mixture | solution
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| a substance with constant composition | pure substance
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| a change in the form of a substance, but not in its chemical composition; chemical bonds are not broken in a physical change | physical change
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| a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components | distillation
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| a method for separating the components of a mixture containing and a liquid | filtration
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| the general name for a series of methods for separating mixtures by employing a system with a mobile phase and a stationary phase | chromatography
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| employs a strip of porous paper, such, as filter paper, for the stationary phase | paper chromatography
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| a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes | compound
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| the change of substances through a reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction | chemical change
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| a substance that cannot be decomposed into a simpler substances by chemical or physical means | element
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| a sequence of observations made under controlled conditions | experiment
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| information we gather using our senses, sight, taste, hearing, touch, smell | observation
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| measurements | quantitative
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| describes without using numbers | qualitative
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| measurements always consist of 2 parts: | a number and a scale
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| a place where experiments are conducted | laboratory
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| a very useful way to solve problems | scientific method
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| the first fundamental step of the scientific method | making observations
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| the second fundamental step of the scientific method | formulating hypothesis
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| the third fundamental step of the scientific method | performing experiments to test the hypothesis (key to the scientific method)
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| a possible explanation for an observation | hypothesis
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| is often called a model | theory
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| is a set of tested hypothesizes that give an overall explanation of natural phenomenon | theory
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| an attempt to explain why something happens | theory
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| gives us a mental picture which explains natural phenomenon | theory
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| a concise statement or equation that summarizes observed behavior | scientific law
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| people who use the scientific method to solve problems are called | scientists
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| try to better understand things even inf their discoveries cannot be put to immediate use | pure scientists
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| work is called pure science | pure scientists
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| put their scientific discoveries to work | applied scientists (engineers)
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| their work is called applied science or technology | applied scientists (engineers)
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| why must scientists continue to do experiments? | to refine our theories and laws. sometimes theories and laws are thrown out when they are not consistent with new data
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| one of the main branches of science | chemistry
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| the study of the structures, properties, composition, and changes of matter | chemistry
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| has been around for thousands of years | chemistry
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| shorthand method of writing very large and very small numbers | scientific notations
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| something that can be measured | quantity
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| a comparison between the quantity and a certain quantity called a unit of measurement | measurement
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| scientists use this set of units | SI
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| based on the metric system | SI
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| easier to use than the English system of units | SI
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| has 7 fundamental base units | SI
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| kilogram | kg length
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| second | s time
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| Kelvin | K temperature
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| Ampere | A electric current
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| Mole | mol amount of substances
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| SI unit for energy | 1J = 1m^2kg/s^2
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| 1 L = | 1dm^3=1000cm^3=1000mL
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| mega | M 10^6
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| kilo | k 10^3
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| hecto | h 10^2
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| deka | Da 10^1
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| deci | d 10^-1
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| centi | c 10^-2
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| milli | m 10^-3
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| micro | upside down u 10^-6
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| nano | n 10^-9
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| a measure of the quantity of matter (protons, neutrons, and electrons) in an object | mass
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| the force of attraction between a given mass and the earth | weight
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| uncertainty of a measurement is expressed by | accuracy and precision
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| refers to how close a measurement is to the accepted or true value | accuracy
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| refers to how close a series of measurements of the same thing are to each other | precision
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| tells how reproducible the measurements are | precision
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| means that a measurement has an equal probability of being high or low | random error
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| occurs in the same direction each time | systematic error
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| are the digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one that is uncertain (the digit furthest to the right is the uncertain or estimated digit) | significant figures
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| method used to convert from 1 unit to another | dimensional analysis/ unit factor method/ conversion factor method
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| are ratios having this form #unit/#unit | conversion factors
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| they equal one | conversion factors
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| are used to convert from 1 unit to another unit | conversion factors
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| come from equalities that state a relationship between 2 units | conversion factors
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| Freezing point of water = 0 | C
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| boiling point of water = 100 | C
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| used in chemistry experiments | C
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| used in chemistry calculations | K
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| freezing point of water = 273.15 | K
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| boiling point of water = 373.15 | K
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| used in engineering sciences | F
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| freezing point of water = 32 | F
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| boiling point of water = 212 | F
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| is the mass of substance per unit volume of substance | density
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| depends on temperature | density
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| used to identify a substance | density
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| d= ? m and v are given | d=m/v
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| m=? d and v are given | m=dv
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| v=? d and m are given | v=m/d
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| used to determine the volume of objects having irregular shapes | water displacement method
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| is anything that has mass and occupies space | matter
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| is a measure of the amount of matter in an object | mass
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| not affected by temperature or location | mass
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| 3 states of matter | solid, liquid, gas
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| rigid; has a fixed volume and shape and is slightly compressible | solid
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| has a fixed volume, but no fixed shape and is slightly compressible | liquid
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| has no fixed volume or shape and is easily compressible | gas
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| all matter can be classified into two groups | substances and mixtures
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| is matter that has a constant composition | substance
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| are substances which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means | elements
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| 115 are known to exist | elements
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| 91 can be found in nature | elements
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| substance that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical processes | compound
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| elements making them up are combined in a definite proportion by mass | compound
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| have different chemical and physical properties than the elements that make them up | compound
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| consists of 2 or more substances each of which retains its individual properties | mixture
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| substances that are combined to form a mixture are called | constituents or components
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| mixtures can be separated by physical means such as | distillation, filtration, and chromatography
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| composition can vary | mixture
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| a mixture of pure substances that has visibly indistinguishable parts | homogeneous mixtures/ solutions
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| a mixture of pure substances that has visibly distinguishable parts | heterogeneous mixture
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| a change in the form of a substance | physical change
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| no new substance is formed | physical change
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| a new substance is formed with different properties and a different formula (composition) | chemical change
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| following words usually signify a chemical change | burn, rot, rust, decomposed, ferment, explode, and corrode
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