MICROBIOLOGY QUIZ 1
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| 6 major groups of microorganisms | Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Helminths, Protozoa, and Viruses
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| 1 micrometer= | 10 to the negetive 9th meter
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| virus's are in what meter range? | nanometer
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| how many meters are virus's | 10 to the negative 9th
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| prokaryotes have no | nucleus
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| 3 eukaryotes | fungus protozoa and algea
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| central dogma | dna is turned to rna which then goes to proteins
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| archaea are made up of | eukaryotes
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| why is archaea different from bacteria | because they live in very hot climates
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| 3 domains | bacteria archaea and eukaryotes
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| how old are microorganisms | 4 million years old
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| when is first fossil evidence | 3.5 billion years ago
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| first microorganisms are responsible for creating | aerobic enviroment (oxygen containing enviroment)
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| what is first bacteria and what did it do | cyanobacteria, 3.5 billion years ago, helped create oxygen
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| cyano bacteria are the largest.. | portion of biomass on earth
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| cyanobacteria allowed other organisms to | start flourishing
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| what is base of foodchain | microorganisms
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| alexander fleming | discovered pennesilin
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| what about pennesilin? | penicillium colony stopped growth of bacteria- created a halo around colony
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| microorganisms can break down | pollutants in enviroment- bioremediation
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| a lot of organisms able to convert __ into __ from ___ | corn into ethanol from fermentation
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| food is spoiled by | microorganisms
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| what helps preserve food? | heat, cold, radiation, and chemicals
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| monosodium, glutamate, critric years are all | microorganisms that work with food
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| microorganisms can be disease agents through | biotechnology
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| insulin is produced from __ and is put into microorganisms to | liver of pigs, manipulate cells
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| microorganisms can be used in gene __ | therapy
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| gene therapy example | cystic fibrosis- cant breathe properly because of mucus- caused by single mutation in gene so inject them with protein which allows them to overcome disease
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| biotechnology is | manipulating organisms
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| hooke | first person to discover idea of cells
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| who looked at a cork and developed the word "Cells" | hooke
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| what year did hooke progress in? | 1665
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| what was anton von leewekhoek interested in? | looking at cloth under a microscope.. then salivia and pond water
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| what did leewekhoek discover? | "animalcules" which are known as bacteria now
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| what year did leewekhoek make discoveries? | 1673
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| pasterurs experiments involved | disproving spontaneous generation theory in 1861
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| how did pasterurs disprove spontaneous generation theory? | took broth and boiled it so everything was killed but eventually if left open the broth will become contaminated and microbacteria will pepopulate
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| thus, pasterurs proved that | living matter does not come from nonliving matter
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| pasterurs also famous for achieving | vaccines for anthrax and rabies
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| who discovered that bacteria causes wine spoilage? | pasterurs
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| who created sterilization and pasteurization? | pasterurs
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| dead zones | heat causes algae which are on top of pollutants like fertilizers are food for it, algea bloom , when they die get decomposed by microorganisms, uses up all oxygen
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| what causes a deadzone? | combination of pollutants and run off and algea feeding off of it
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| first step in stopping deadzones? | controlling the pollutants going into the water
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| bassi realized that | silkworm disease was caused by certain type of fungus
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| berkely found that | the great potato blight was caused by fungus
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| lister realized from pesters work that with use of __ he could | antiseptic agents he steralized his intruments and mortality rate went up
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| koch was first scientist to demonstrate directly the role of | bacteria in causing the diseas anthrax
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| anthrax is caused by | bacillus anthracisi
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| how did koch demonstrate anthax findings? | culture microorganisms from dead cows and inject it to healthy ones and healthy animals died
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| what was this called? | the germ theory
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| that did edward jenner do? | smallpox vaccine
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| how we use microorganisms medically | medical microbiology
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| related to microbiology bc looking how microorganisms trigger immune responses | ummunology
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| looking at microorganisms in our enviroment | microbial ecology
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| dna manipulation from one organism to another- the branch of microbiology where we manipulate genos with microorganisms | microbial genetics
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| taking bits of dna from one organism and giving it to another organisms | genetic engineering
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| genetic engineering allows for thing to | resist its enviroment
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| rna into protein is carried by ribosomes- called | translation
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| dna to rna is called | transciption
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| paramecium- | protozoan
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| with brightfield | uses light, must stain cells, organisms will be dead after staining them
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| darkfield | use condenser, used to look at organisms that dont stain well
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| example of organism used under darkfield | tuberculosis bc doesnt stain wel, smaller cells, like syphilis
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| are cells still dead under darkfield? | yes
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| phase contract | do not stain the cells so cells are alice
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| basic stains have a __ charge and consist of (3) | positive- crystal violet, methylene blue, safranin
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| organisms have slight __ charge so | negative charge so stain is attracted to cells and will bind with them
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| differential stains: | you can differentiate between one type of one organisms to another- one that is typically used with a gram stain
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| all bacteria fall into 2 groups- | one that stain with color with gram stain and another that gives another color
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| what does this depend on? | structure of cell
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| gram stain uses different stypes of stain- | crystal violet, iodine, acohol, and safranin
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| with crytal violet all cells look | purple
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| then you apply | iodine
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| iodine helps | crytal violet enter into cells
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| crystal violet is a | mordant
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| alcohol __ crystal violet from cells | removes
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| then you need a __ which is usually | counter stain, safranin
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| gram pos vs gram neg | positive are ones who retain crystal violet, negative are those who lost violet and gain color from safranin
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| use color to differentiate between | different cells
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| all cells either | gram positive or gram negative
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| 2 examples of negative staining | klebsiella, pnemoniae
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| why are these negative staining | have capsules which have slimy layer around cell prevent stain
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| capsules cause pnemonia to be | pathogenic
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| endospore staining | spores found inside cell, very difficult to stain
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| example of endorspore staining | vacillus anthracis, anthrax
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| electron microscopes have far greate ___ than light microscopes.. approx __ | resolving power; .2 nm
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| electron microscopes are good for | seeing viruses and on and inside the cells
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| distorations are | artifacts- might not be present in cells
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| how does distorations happen? | electron hitting valleys and troughs, if its a tough secondary electrong that got knocked off arnt going far enough to create an image
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| get light and dark images depending on | structure of cell
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| tem image | binary fission- bacterial cell, dna
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| transmission microscope you can see | inside the organisms
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| transmission electron microscope zoom | 10,000 to 100,100 x
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| scanning electron microscope | 3 diminsenial imaging and scanning surface
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| scanning electron microscope zoom | 1000 10,000 x
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| microorganisms elemt cycling includes | conps
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