Psych 213 Ch4
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| cephalocaudal trend | "head to tail" during the prenatal period the head develops faster than the rest of the body
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| proximodistal trend | growth proceeds literall from near to far; from the center of thebody outward
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| neurons | nerve cells that store and transmit info
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| synapses | tiny gaps where fibers from differenet neurons come close together but do not touch
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| neurotransmitters | neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters which cross the synapse
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| synaptic pruning | neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses in this process. this returns neurons that are not needed at the moment to an uncommited state so they can support future development
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| glial cells | about half the brains volume in the first two years
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| mylenations | the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer
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| cerebral cortex | surrounds the rest of the brain resembling half of a shelled walnut. Largest most complex brain structure accounting for 85% of the brains weight and contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses
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| lateralization | two hemispheres, left is for processsing info in a sequential order, deals with language and emotion, right is for processing information in a hilistic manner, regulates negative emotion
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| brain plasticity | if parts of the cortex is damaged other parts can take over tasks it would handle
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| experience expectant growth | refers to the young brains rapidly developing organization which depends on ordinary experiences, opputunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds, and to move about and explore the environment
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| experience dependent brain growth | consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that occur thorughout our lives, varying widely across individuals and cultures
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| marasmus | a wasted condition of th body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, happens in the firstyear when the mother is too malnourished to produce breast milk
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| kwashiorkor | an unbalanced diet very low in protien usually strikes between the ages of 1 and 3
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| nonorganic failure to thrive | a growth disorder resulating from lack of parental love, usually present by 18 months, shows signs of marasmus
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| classical conditioning | a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a relfexive response one the nervous system makes the connection between the two stimuli the neutral stimulus produces the behavior by itself
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| unconditioned stimulus | most consistantly produce a reflexice or unconditioned response
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| conditioned stimulus | when the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response simililar to the reflexive response it is then called the CS
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| conditioned response | the response it elicits
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| operant conditioning | infants act or operate on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again
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| reinforcer | a stimulis that increases teh occurence of a response
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| punishment | removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurence of a response
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| habituation | refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
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| recovery | a new stimulus-a change in the environment-causes responsiveness to return to a high level
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| imitation | copying the behavior of another person
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| mirror neurons | specialized cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex. fire identically when a primate sees or hears an action and when it carries out that action on its own
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| dynamic systems theory of motor development | mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasing complex systems of actions, when motor skills work as a system, seperate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environm.
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| statistcal learning capactiy | analyzing the speech for stream patters-repeatdly occuring sequences of sounds-the acquire a stock of speech structures
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| intermodal perception | we make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information by perceiving them as unified wholes
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| differentation theory | infants actively search for invariant features of the environmen-those that remain stable-in a constantly changing perceptual world
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