Chapter 12
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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What Is a Solution? | A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
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What is a solute? | the substance present in the smaller amout.
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What is a solvent? | Substance present in larger amount.
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Exothermic | to release heat.
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Endothermic | absorbs heat
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Solubility | the measure of how much solute will dissolve at a specific temperature.
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saturated solution | contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solution.
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Unsaturated Solution | contains less solute the the solvent had the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature
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supersaturated solution | contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
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Crystallization | the process in which dissolved solute comes out of the solution and forms crystals
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miscible | two liquids that are completely soluble in each other in all proportions
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solvation | the process in which an ion or a molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in a specific manner.
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Hydration | when water is the solvent
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mole | number of grams/ molar mass
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like dissolves like | two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
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concentration | is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution
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percent by mass | mass of solute/mass of the solution x 100
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mole fraction | Xa= moles of a/ sum of all components
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molarity | moles of solute/Liters of solution
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molality | moles of solute/mass of the solvent (kg)
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Henry's Law | solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution c=kp
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c | the concentration of dissolved gas (mol/L)
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P | the pressure of gas over the solution (atm)
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k | is the constant for each gas (mol/L.atm) that depends only on the temperature
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colligative properties | properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not the nature of the solute particles
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Vapor-Pressure Lowering | P1=x1p°1
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P1 | vapor pressure of solvent over a solution
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X1 | mole fraction of the solvent
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P°1 | vapor pressure of pure solvent
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ideal solution | any solution that obeys Raoult's law
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fractional distillation | a procedure for separating liquid components of a solution based on their different boiling points
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boiling-point elevation | (delta Tb) the boiling point of the solution (Tb) minus the boiling point of the pure solvent (t0b)
deltaTb=KbMi
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Freezing-point depression | the freezing point of pure solvent (Tfo) minus the freezing point of the solution (Tf) DeltaTf=Kfmi
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osmotic pressure | The pressure require to stop osmosis. pi=MRTi
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Osmosis | is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one
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Semipermeable membrane | allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules
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M | molarity of the solution
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R | the gas constant (0.0821L.atm/k.mol)
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T | is the temperature in K.
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Van't Hoff factor | actual number of particles in soln after dissociation/number of formula units initially dissolved in soln
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colloid | is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance
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volatile | have a measurable vapor pressure
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nonvolatile | no measurable vapor pressure
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isotonic | two solutions of equal concentration that have the same osmotic pressure
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hypertonic | the more concentrated solution
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hypotonic | the less concentrated soulution
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crenation | process that causes cells to shrink and eventually to cease functioning
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ion pairs | made up of one or more cations and one or more anions held together by electrostatic forces.
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hydrophilic | water loving
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hydrophobic | water-fearing
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Tyndall Effect | the scattering of the visible light by colloid particles
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Roault's Law | the vapor pressure of the solvent over a solution is given of the pure solvent and the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution.
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