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Chem 2 ch 12
Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Is a Solution? | A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances. |
| What is a solute? | the substance present in the smaller amout. |
| What is a solvent? | Substance present in larger amount. |
| Exothermic | to release heat. |
| Endothermic | absorbs heat |
| Solubility | the measure of how much solute will dissolve at a specific temperature. |
| saturated solution | contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solution. |
| Unsaturated Solution | contains less solute the the solvent had the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature |
| supersaturated solution | contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature. |
| Crystallization | the process in which dissolved solute comes out of the solution and forms crystals |
| miscible | two liquids that are completely soluble in each other in all proportions |
| solvation | the process in which an ion or a molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in a specific manner. |
| Hydration | when water is the solvent |
| mole | number of grams/ molar mass |
| like dissolves like | two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other. |
| concentration | is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution |
| percent by mass | mass of solute/mass of the solution x 100 |
| mole fraction | Xa= moles of a/ sum of all components |
| molarity | moles of solute/Liters of solution |
| molality | moles of solute/mass of the solvent (kg) |
| Henry's Law | solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution c=kp |
| c | the concentration of dissolved gas (mol/L) |
| P | the pressure of gas over the solution (atm) |
| k | is the constant for each gas (mol/L.atm) that depends only on the temperature |
| colligative properties | properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not the nature of the solute particles |
| Vapor-Pressure Lowering | P1=x1p°1 |
| P1 | vapor pressure of solvent over a solution |
| X1 | mole fraction of the solvent |
| P°1 | vapor pressure of pure solvent |
| ideal solution | any solution that obeys Raoult's law |
| fractional distillation | a procedure for separating liquid components of a solution based on their different boiling points |
| boiling-point elevation | (delta Tb) the boiling point of the solution (Tb) minus the boiling point of the pure solvent (t0b) deltaTb=KbMi |
| Freezing-point depression | the freezing point of pure solvent (Tfo) minus the freezing point of the solution (Tf) DeltaTf=Kfmi |
| osmotic pressure | The pressure require to stop osmosis. pi=MRTi |
| Osmosis | is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one |
| Semipermeable membrane | allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules |
| M | molarity of the solution |
| R | the gas constant (0.0821L.atm/k.mol) |
| T | is the temperature in K. |
| Van't Hoff factor | actual number of particles in soln after dissociation/number of formula units initially dissolved in soln |
| colloid | is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance |
| volatile | have a measurable vapor pressure |
| nonvolatile | no measurable vapor pressure |
| isotonic | two solutions of equal concentration that have the same osmotic pressure |
| hypertonic | the more concentrated solution |
| hypotonic | the less concentrated soulution |
| crenation | process that causes cells to shrink and eventually to cease functioning |
| ion pairs | made up of one or more cations and one or more anions held together by electrostatic forces. |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| Tyndall Effect | the scattering of the visible light by colloid particles |
| Roault's Law | the vapor pressure of the solvent over a solution is given of the pure solvent and the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution. |
Created by:
majormayhem
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