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ICLA 2

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Term
Definition
After reading strategies   Readers reflect on, evaluate, and integrate new information after reading. Activities include summarizing and retelling.  
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Activating prior knowledge   Connecting what is already known to new content by previewing text and setting learning goals.  
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Anticipation guide   List of statements on a topic that students agree or disagree with before reading.  
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Annotating Text   A systematic summary of a text with key information added for understanding.  
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Antonym   Words that are opposite or nearly opposite in meaning.  
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Argumentative Text   Text that takes a position on an issue and supports it with reasons and evidence.  
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Background Knowledge   Information known before reading that relates to the text's theme, content, or topic.  
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Basal Reader   A series of leveled readers and materials used from early to sixth-grade reading instruction.  
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Before Reading Strategies   Activities like surveying text and predicting content to prepare for reading.  
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Brainstorming   Group discussion to generate ideas or solve problems.  
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Choral Reading   Students read aloud together in unison with a teacher or fluent reader.  
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Close Reading   Careful text analysis through rereading and answering text-based questions.  
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Comprehension   Understanding meaning by interacting with text through reading.  
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Comprehension Strategies   Planned actions readers use to understand and remember text.  
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Concept Maps / Concept Sorts   Graphic organizers showing how word meanings relate.  
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Connections   Making text-to-text, text-to-self, or text-to-world associations.  
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Connotative meaning   Emotional or implied meaning associated with a word.  
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Content Literacy   Reading, understanding, and producing writing specific to academic content areas.  
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Conventions   Correct use of grammar, spelling, and mechanics in writing.  
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Denotative meaning   The literal or dictionary meaning of a word.  
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Differentiated Instruction   Adapting teaching methods to meet different student learning needs.  
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Disciplinary Literacy   Using literacy practices specific to academic subjects like science or history.  
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During Reading Strategies   Strategies like think-alouds used while reading to support understanding.  
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Etymology   The study of word origins and historical development of meaning.  
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Expository text   Informational text that communicates facts about the natural or social world.  
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Expressive vocabulary   Words used in speaking and writing.  
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Fiction   Narrative text with imaginary characters, events, or places.  
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Figurative language   Creative expressions like similes or metaphors that convey ideas in unique ways.  
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Fluency   Reading text accurately, with proper speed and expression.  
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Genre   Categories of literature defined by shared conventions, such as poetry or fiction.  
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Grammar   The system of rules for structuring language.  
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Graphic novels   Books combining illustrations and text to tell a full-length story.  
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Graphic organizer   Visual tools like maps and webs that help students organize and retain information.  
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Guided reading   Teacher-supported reading in small groups with similar reading levels.  
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Homonym   Words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings.  
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Homograph   Words spelled the same but pronounced differently with different meanings.  
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Homophone   Words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.  
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Idaho Content Standards for English Language Arts (ICS for ELA)   What Idaho students should know and do in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language.  
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Idiom   An expression whose meaning differs from the literal meanings of the individual words.  
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Inferences   Conclusions based on both text information and prior knowledge.  
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Inferential Questions   Questions where the answer is implied in the text but not directly stated.  
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Informational Text   Nonfiction text meant to inform, including argument, description, exposition, and narration.  
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Interactive Read-Aloud   Teacher reads aloud to students, modeling fluency and encouraging participation and discussion.  
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KWL   A strategy where students identify what they Know, Want to know, and have Learned.  
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Lexile   A framework for measuring text complexity and student reading ability.  
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Literal Questioning   Questions with answers found directly in the text.  
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Literature Circles   Student-led group discussions of a shared text with assigned roles or perspectives.  
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Literacy   The ability to read, write, speak, and listen effectively.  
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Main Idea   The central concept or message in a text.  
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Mechanics   Rules for written language, including capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.  
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Metacognition   Awareness and control of one’s own thinking and learning processes.  
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Metacognitive Strategies   Strategies used to monitor and improve understanding during reading.  
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Metaphor   A comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as."  
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Morpheme   The smallest unit of language with meaning.  
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Morphemic or Morphological Analysis   Studying word parts like roots and affixes to determine meaning.  
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Multimodal Texts   Texts that combine visuals, written words, and layout to communicate meaning.  
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Narrative Text   Text that tells a story or gives an account of something.  
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New Literacies   Modern forms of media like blogs, texts, and videos used to communicate.  
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Nonfiction   Text based on real people, events, or facts.  
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Organization   The internal structure and logical flow of writing.  
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Prediction   Using prior knowledge and context to anticipate upcoming content.  
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Presentation   The visual layout and appearance of a written piece.  
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Prior Knowledge   What students already know that supports understanding new content.  
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Preview   Looking over material before reading to get an overview of the topic.  
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Prosody   Reading with expression, proper pace, and intonation.  
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Question-Answer Relationship (QAR)   Strategy that helps students identify question types and sources of answers. Teaches students how to locate answers.  
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Readability   Level of difficulty in a text, often determined by formulas.  
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Readability Levels: Independent, Instructional, and Frustration   Independent: 95–100% accuracy. Instructional: 90–94%. Frustration: below 90%.  
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Reader's Workshop   A model with a mini-lesson, independent reading, and group reflection.  
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Reading Rate   Speed of reading, measured in words per minute.  
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Receptive Vocabulary   Words students understand when heard or read.  
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Reciprocal Teaching   An activity where students and teachers take turns modeling reading strategies.  
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Retell   Oral or written reconstruction of what was read.  
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Scaffolding   Support from a more experienced individual to help a learner perform a task.  
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Schema/Schemata   Stored mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information.  
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Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)   A strategy for comparing attributes of related concepts.  
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Semantic web/map/organizer   Visual tools showing relationships between concepts.  
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Semantics   The study of word meaning and language interpretation.  
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Sentence Fluency   The rhythm and flow of writing when read aloud.  
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Shared Reading   Teacher and students read together with support and modeling.  
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Simile   A comparison using the words "like" or "as."  
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Socratic Seminar   Text-based discussion where students engage with open-ended questions and one another's ideas.  
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Story Grammar   Structure of a story’s elements such as setting, character, and plot.  
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Strategic Reading   Actively engaging with text using learned strategies and prior knowledge.  
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Structural Analysis   Identifying roots and affixes to determine word meaning.  
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Summarization   Concise restatement of main points from a text.  
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Synonym   Words that have similar or nearly identical meanings.  
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Syntax   Rules for word order and sentence structure.  
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Synthesis   Combining information from multiple sources.  
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Text Complexity   The comprehension demands of a text based on its features and reader factors.  
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Text Structure   How a text is organized, such as chronological or cause-effect.  
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Think-Aloud   Verbalizing thought processes while reading or writing.  
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Tier 1 Vocabulary   Everyday words familiar to most students and usually learned through conversation.  
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Tier 2 Vocabulary   High-utility academic words found across content areas, often learned through print.  
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Tier 3 Vocabulary   Subject-specific terms used mainly in academic disciplines.  
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Trade Book   Books intended for general reading, not textbooks.  
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Text Sets   Collections of books at different levels on the same topic.  
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Visualizing   Creating mental images while reading or listening.  
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Vocabulary Development   Exercises and strategies to expand word knowledge.  
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Voice   The personal tone and style of the writer.  
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Word Choice   Intentional use of precise and vivid language.  
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Word Family   Words that share a root or phonetic pattern.  
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Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DRTA)   A guided reading strategy that teaches students to make predictions, read purposefully, and verify or adjust their thinking while reading. Teaches students to predict and reflect on their predictions.  
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Gallery Walk   Students rotate around the room to view and respond to texts, visuals, or prompts. This strategy promotes discussion, critical thinking, and synthesis of information across multiple sources.  
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Jigsaw   Students become “experts” on one section of a text, then share their learning with peers in mixed groups. This supports comprehension, collaboration, and accountability.  
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Reader’s Theater   Students rehearse and perform a script adapted from literature. Focus is on expressive reading, fluency, and comprehension—not memorization.  
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RAFT   A writing strategy that encourages students to consider four key elements: Role of the writer, Audience, Format, and Topic. This strategy promotes creative expression, purpose, and perspective.  
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Co-constructing Anchor Charts   A collaborative process where teachers and students work together to create visual representations of concepts or strategies. This interactive process helps students internalize learning and contributes to a shared understanding of content or skills.  
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Frayer Model   A graphic organizer used to teach new vocabulary by requiring students to define a term, list its characteristics, provide examples, and give non-examples. This model supports deep understanding of vocabulary.  
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