Abdominal Examination
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| What are the GI causes of clubbing? | show 🗑
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| show | Coarse flapping tremor
- Occurs with hepatic encephalopathy
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| What is leukonychia and what is it associated with? | show 🗑
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| show | associated with iron deficiency anaemia (e.g. malabsorption in Crohn’s disease).
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| show | a redness involving the heel of the palm that can be associated with chronic liver disease (it can also be a normal finding in pregnancy).
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| What is dupuytren's contracture? How to acc pronounce this? | show 🗑
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| What is Dupuytren's contracture associated with? GI and other things | show 🗑
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| What is spider naevus? naevi? | show 🗑
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| show | Spider naevi are commonly associated with liver cirrhosis, but can also be a normal finding in pregnancy or in women taking the combined oral contraceptive pill.
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| show | If more than 5 are present it is more likely to be associated with pathology such as liver cirrhosis.
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| show | Purpura (rash)
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| What is jaundice and what is the physiological reason behind it? What are the causes? | show 🗑
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| What does conjunctival pallor suggest? | show 🗑
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| show | Stomatitis, glossitis, candidiasis, ulcers, pigmentation
(Peutz- Jeghers Syndrome - v. rare), telangiectasia,
dentition, gingivitis and “mousy” odour (fetor
hepaticus
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| What is another name for candidiasis? | show 🗑
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| show | Inspect chest for spider
naevi, gynaecomastia in men,
and both axillae for loss of
axillary body hair
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| show | Movement, distension, scars, herniae, masses, striae,
dilated veins “caput medusae”
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| What is caput medusae and what is it associated with? What might cause it? | show 🗑
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| show | ask the patient to cough and observe for any protrusions through the abdominal wall (e.g. umbilical hernia, incisional hernia).
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| show | bruising of the tissue surrounding the umbilicus associated with haemorrhagic pancreatitis (a late sign).
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| What is Grey-Turner's sign? Associated w and causes? | show 🗑
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| show | Fat, Fluid, Faeces, Flatus, Foetus
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| show | R L hypochondriac region
R L lumbar region
R L iliac region (Iliac fossa)
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric (suprapubic)
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| show | Upper R L
Lower R L
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| What are we palpating for in the abdomen? | show 🗑
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| What is important for palpation? | show 🗑
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| show | Hepatitis
Alcoholic liver disease
Right heart failure
Fatty infiltration
Biliary tract obstruction
Malignancy (metastatic / primary)
Haematological disorders
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| What is Murphy's sign? Where to palpate? What are causes | show 🗑
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| show | • Painless jaundice and a palpable gallbladder
• Likely due to extrahepatic obstruction
• E.g. Pancreatic cancer
• UNLIKELY to be gallstones
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| How to palpate for splenomegaly? | show 🗑
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| What are the main types of causes of splenomegaly? | show 🗑
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| Haematological causes of splenomegaly? | show 🗑
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| Infective causes of splenomegaly? | show 🗑
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| Rheumatological disorder scauses of splenomegaly? | show 🗑
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| show | sarcoidosis / amyloidosis / glycogen storage
diseases
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| show | • Hydronephrosis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Renal cell carcinoma
• In children, nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)
• Solitary cysts
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| What type of aortic aneurysm is the most common type? | show 🗑
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| show | Liver, spleen and bladder
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| What is ascites? How do w pick it up? | show 🗑
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| What are the causes of ascites? | show 🗑
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| show | Listen for normal bowel
sounds (up to 2 min)
Auscultate for abdominal
aortic bruits
Auscultate renal arteries
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| show | Abdominal aortic aneurysm
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| What are renal bruits associated with? | show 🗑
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| where might tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract may metastasise to? | show 🗑
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| What else to offer in abdo exam? | show 🗑
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Created by:
Mustafak