Humanities
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| pantheism | Indian view of spirituality; the belief that all living things in the universe are pervaded by an ineffable divine spirit
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| Sind | lower Indus Valley area
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| Mohenjodaro | Indus Valley civilization; many artifacts uncovered
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| Aryans | these seminomadic tribes invaded the Indus valley 1500 B.C. and established the societal divisions that anticipated the caste system
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| caste system | social heirarchy: priests and scholars, rulers and warriors, artisans and merchants, unskilled workers
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| Untouchables | those so low, they were outside of the caste system
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| Aryans | introduced Sanskrit-- classic language of India
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| Mahabharata (note: another epic is the Ramayana) | world's longest folk epic
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| Vedas | "sacred knowledge"; collection of prayers, sacrificial formulae, and hymns; blending of native Indus traditions and those of the Aryans
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| Hinduism | most ancient of today's world religions; identifies the sacred not as a superhuman personality, but as an objective, all-pervading cosmic Spirit
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| Brahman | all-pervading cosmic Spirit in Hinduism
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| Vedic gods | multitude of Hindu deities who are perceived as emanations of the divine
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| Upanishads | Hindu religious texts; 250 prose commentaries on the Vedas; teach enlightenment through meditation and instruct on the subject of death and rebirth
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| Atman | the Self; individual human manifestation of Brahman; seeks to be with the Absolute Spirit (Brahman)
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| nirvana | (re)union of Brahman and Atman; the goal of every Hindu
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| yoga | "to yoke"; system of spiritual exercises that seeks the joining of one's Atman to Brahman through control of the mind and body
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| Karma | collective spiritual energy gained from accumulated deeds determines one's physical state in the next life
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| reincarnation | "wheel of rebirth"; fate of Hindus until they reach nirvana
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| Bhagavad-Gita | fundamental teachings of Hinduism lyrically expressed in this religious poem
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| Yellow and Yangzi Rivers | Chineses civilizations emerged in the fertile valleys of these 2 rivers
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| Shang rulers | heredirary kings who were regarded as intermediaries between the people and the spirit world; power limited by nobility; claimed authority from the Lord on High (Shang-di)
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| Mandate of Heaven | sacred right to rule in China; could be removed if one ruled unjustly (established in Zhou era)
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| aristocracy of merit (note: China first to do so) | Chinese practice of selecting government service on the base of merit and eduction
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| Shang-di/Tian (Lord on High/Heaven) | in Chinese belief: regulated the workings of the universe and impartially guided the destinies of all people
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| qi (chee) | in Chinese belief: substance of the universe and the vital energy that pervades human bodies
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| The Book of Changes (I jing) | China's oldest known text; cryptic symbols and commentaries on which diviners drew to predict the future
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| 4 seasons, 5 elements, 5 powers of creation | in Chinese belief: 3 elements of how order is derived
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| yang | male priciple (lightness, hardness, brightness, sun)
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| yin | female principle (darkness, softness, moisture, earth, moon)
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| Daoism | Chinese belief system expressing the natural order as it relates to humankind
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| Dao | "Way"; unity underlying nature's multiplicity
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| Dao de Jing (The Way and Its Powers) | Dao "scripture" associated with Lao Zi
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| Lao Zi | "The Old One"
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