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Chapter 3
Humanities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pantheism | Indian view of spirituality; the belief that all living things in the universe are pervaded by an ineffable divine spirit |
| Sind | lower Indus Valley area |
| Mohenjodaro | Indus Valley civilization; many artifacts uncovered |
| Aryans | these seminomadic tribes invaded the Indus valley 1500 B.C. and established the societal divisions that anticipated the caste system |
| caste system | social heirarchy: priests and scholars, rulers and warriors, artisans and merchants, unskilled workers |
| Untouchables | those so low, they were outside of the caste system |
| Aryans | introduced Sanskrit-- classic language of India |
| Mahabharata (note: another epic is the Ramayana) | world's longest folk epic |
| Vedas | "sacred knowledge"; collection of prayers, sacrificial formulae, and hymns; blending of native Indus traditions and those of the Aryans |
| Hinduism | most ancient of today's world religions; identifies the sacred not as a superhuman personality, but as an objective, all-pervading cosmic Spirit |
| Brahman | all-pervading cosmic Spirit in Hinduism |
| Vedic gods | multitude of Hindu deities who are perceived as emanations of the divine |
| Upanishads | Hindu religious texts; 250 prose commentaries on the Vedas; teach enlightenment through meditation and instruct on the subject of death and rebirth |
| Atman | the Self; individual human manifestation of Brahman; seeks to be with the Absolute Spirit (Brahman) |
| nirvana | (re)union of Brahman and Atman; the goal of every Hindu |
| yoga | "to yoke"; system of spiritual exercises that seeks the joining of one's Atman to Brahman through control of the mind and body |
| Karma | collective spiritual energy gained from accumulated deeds determines one's physical state in the next life |
| reincarnation | "wheel of rebirth"; fate of Hindus until they reach nirvana |
| Bhagavad-Gita | fundamental teachings of Hinduism lyrically expressed in this religious poem |
| Yellow and Yangzi Rivers | Chineses civilizations emerged in the fertile valleys of these 2 rivers |
| Shang rulers | heredirary kings who were regarded as intermediaries between the people and the spirit world; power limited by nobility; claimed authority from the Lord on High (Shang-di) |
| Mandate of Heaven | sacred right to rule in China; could be removed if one ruled unjustly (established in Zhou era) |
| aristocracy of merit (note: China first to do so) | Chinese practice of selecting government service on the base of merit and eduction |
| Shang-di/Tian (Lord on High/Heaven) | in Chinese belief: regulated the workings of the universe and impartially guided the destinies of all people |
| qi (chee) | in Chinese belief: substance of the universe and the vital energy that pervades human bodies |
| The Book of Changes (I jing) | China's oldest known text; cryptic symbols and commentaries on which diviners drew to predict the future |
| 4 seasons, 5 elements, 5 powers of creation | in Chinese belief: 3 elements of how order is derived |
| yang | male priciple (lightness, hardness, brightness, sun) |
| yin | female principle (darkness, softness, moisture, earth, moon) |
| Daoism | Chinese belief system expressing the natural order as it relates to humankind |
| Dao | "Way"; unity underlying nature's multiplicity |
| Dao de Jing (The Way and Its Powers) | Dao "scripture" associated with Lao Zi |
| Lao Zi | "The Old One" |
Created by:
chloew101