Chapter 1, 2 and part of 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Scientific Method | Observation, Hypothesis, Law, Theory, Experiment.
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| Observations (data) | Qualitative, Quantitative.
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| Qualitative | Non-numerical, Observations via the 5 senses.
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| Quantitative | Numerical Data.
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| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass.
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| Mass | Measurable quantity of matter.
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| Weight | Is a force and depends on gravity. [wt=m*a]
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| States of matter -"Macroscopic" | Solid, Liguid, Gas.
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| Solid | rigid; fixed volume; fixed shape
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| Liquid | fluid; fixed volume; NO fixed shape.
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| Gas (most random state) | fluid; NO fixed volume; NO fixed shape.
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| Solid Matter | Atoms and Molecules
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| Liquid Matter | Atoms and Molecules leave space to take shape.
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| Gaseous Matter | compressible
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| Homogenous Mixture | Means a solution
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| Common Physical Properties (intensive properties) | Melting point, Boiling point, Solubility, Density, Color , Odor, Viscosity(ability to pour) Conductivity(heat & electrical) Magnetic.
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| Physical change | Pure Substance still exists in its same chemical composition, and be recovered by a physical process.
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| Chemical change | change subscript; pure substance changed to another pure substance. Chemical composition has changed.
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| Nuclear process | Ability to change one element (atom) into another element(atom).
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| Physical vs Chemical | Water freezes at 0 degrees C. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. Bromine is an orange liquid. Styrofoam floats on water. Vinegar with baking soda gives off gas. Heating water causes it to boil.
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| Matter properties | Extensive properties, Intensive properties
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| Intensive Properties (characteristic) | do not depend on amount of substance. Physical and chemical properties
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| Extensive Properties | Amount of Substance-mass, volume, length.
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| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion
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| Potential Energy | stored energy
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| Law Conservation of Energy | energy is neither created nor destroyed, just converted into different forms.
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| Kilogram | Kg (Mass)
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| Meter | m (Length)
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| Second | s (Time)
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| Kelvin | K (Temperature)
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| mole | mol (Substance amount)
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| Common Temperature Scales | Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin (absolute temperature scale)
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| 1kg = / 1g = | 1000g / 0.001 kg
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| 1 liter =/ 1mL = | 1000ml / 0.001 liter
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| 1m = / 1cm= | 100cm / 0.01
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| 1us = | 0.000001 s
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| Precision | agreement among several measurements (how close is your grouping)
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| Accuracy | agreement of reported value to the accepted value (hitting the bullseye)
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| Percent Error | Simple method to track error. % Error=[error range] / accepted value x 100.
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| Significant figures | reflect on the preciseness (certainty) of the measurement. (all recorded digits from a measurement are significant)
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| Measurements | have uncertainty in the last recorded digit.
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| Calculators | create digit proliferation. (calculations must reflect the uncertainty of the measurements)
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| Density = | Mass / Volume, is a ratio of units.
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| When two or more insoluble substances are mixed - | the less dense substance will rise above the more dense substance.
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| Law of multiple proportions | Two different compounds containing the same two elements (A&B), the masses of "B" that commbine with 1 gram of "A" are related by a small whole number ratio.
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| Matter | is made up of atoms, Matter contains positive(protons & negative electron) particles. Some atoms are radioactive.
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| Theory of atomic structure | Atom is mostly empty space. Nucleus contains (+) charge (protons)of an atom. N. also contains an equally massive neutral particle (neutron); the nucleus contains essentially all the mass of the atom. Electrons, (-) charge, occupy the remaining volume of t
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| Isotopes | Atoms (elements) that have the same atomic number as (protons) but has a different atomic mass (neutrons). Isotopes occur in nature at different abundance percentages.
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| Any element above 83 | is always radioactive.
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| Group IA | Alkali metals
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| Group IIA | Alkaline earth metals
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| Group VIIIA | Noble gases
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| Metal properties | Shiny Luster, conductors of electricity and heat, Ductile(to a wire), Malleable(shape it), Form alloys-solid solutions.
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| Nonmetal properties | Generally dull appearance, Insulators, Brittle.
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| Metalloids | Behave mostly as nonmetals except for the ability to partially conduct electricity (semi-conductors) "Borderline" elements
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| Family (Group) Trends | Metals become more reactive going down their family. Non-metals become more reactive going up their family.
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| Ionic Compounds | Electrostatic bond- opposite charges attract.
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| Mole - Chemistry- | 1) a collection of atoms or molecules. (nano) 2) ids related to the molar mass of the element or compound in grams.
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| Covalent compounds | Non-metal, non-metal.
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| Binary compounds that combine with metal- | include the ide like bromide or oxide.
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