Cranium "Skull"
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| How many cranial bones are there? | 8.
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| Frontal Bone | This bone contributes to the formation of the forehead and the superior part of each orbit.
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| Squamous or Vertical Portion | -Glabella.
-Supraorbital Groove (SOG).
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| Glabella | Is the smooth raised prominence between the eyebrows just above the bridge of the nose.
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| Supraorbital Groove (SOG) | Is the slight depression above each eyebrow.
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| Supraorbital Margin (SOM) | The superior rim of each orbit
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| Supraorbital Notch (Foramen) | Is a small hole or opening within the SOM slightly medial to its midpoint
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| Orbital or Horizontal Portion | -SOMs.
-Superciliary Ridges.
-Glabella.
-Frontal Tuberosities.
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| Orbital Plate | On each side forms the superior part of each orbit.
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| Ethmoidal Notch | Separates each orbital plate.
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| The frontal bone articulates with ______ cranial bones: | 4; right & left parietals, sphenoid, and ethmoid.
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| Parietal Tubercles (Eminences) | The widest portion of the entire skull is located here of the two parietal bones.
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| Occipital Bone | The inferoposterior portion of the calvarium.
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| Squamous Portion | The external surface of the occipital bone presents a rounded part.
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| The occipital bone articulates with _______ bones: | 6; 2 parietals, 2 temporals, sphenoid, and atlas.
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| External Occipital Protuberance or Inion | Is the prominent bump or protuberance at the inferoposterior portion of the skull.
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| Foramen Magnum | The large opening at the base of the occipital bone through with the spinal cord passes as it leaves the brain. "Great Hole".
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| Condylar Portions (Occipital Condyles) | Are oval processes with convex surfaces, with one on each side of the foramen magnum.
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| Atlanto-Occipital Joint | The two-part articulation between the skull and the cervical spine.
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| Right & Left Temporal Bones | Are complex structures that house delicate organs of hearing and balance.
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| Zygomatic Process | Extending anteriorly from the squamous portion of the temporal bone.
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| Zygomatic Arch | The zygomatic process meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the easily palpated _____________________.
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| Temporomandibular (TM) Fossa | Into which the mandible fits to form the TMJ.
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| Each temporal bone is divided into _____ primary parts? | 3; squamous, mastoid portion, petrous portion.
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| Squamous Portion | Is the thin upper portion that forms part of the wall of the skull.
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| Mastoid Portion | Area posterior to the EAM with a prominent mastoid process or tip.
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| Petrous Portion | Dense; also called the petrous pyramid or pars petrosa; it houses the organs of hearing equilibrium.
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| Petrous Ridge or Petrus Apex | The upper border or ridge of the petrous pyramid.
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| The petrous ridge of these pyramids corresponds to the level of an important external landmark: | TEA (top of the ear attachment).
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| Internal Acoustic Meatus | Is an opening or orifice which serves to transmit nerves of hearing equilibrium.
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| Each temporal bone articulates with ____ cranial bones: | 3; parietal, occipital, and sphenoid.
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| Sphenoid Bone | Forms the anchor for the other 7 cranial bones.
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| Sella Turcica | The central depression on the body; looks like a saddle from the side.
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| Hypophysys Cerebri or Pituitary Gland | Surrounded and protected by the sella turcica.
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| Dorsum Sellae | Posterior to the sella turcica and is best seen laterally.
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| Clivus | Is a shallow depression that begins on the posteroinferior aspect of the dorm sellae of the sphenoid bone and extends posteriorly to the foramen magnum at the base of the occipital bone.
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| Lesser wings | Smaller pair; are triangular and are nearly horizontal.
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| Anterior Clinoid Process | Project laterally from the superoanterior portion of the body and extend to about the middle of each orbit.
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| Greater Wings | Extend laterally from the sides of the body and form a portion of the floor of the cranium and a portion of the sides of the cranium.
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| Foramen Rotundum & Foramen Ovale | Are seen as small opening on superior and oblique views.
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| Superior Orbital Fissures | These opening provide additional communication with the orbits for numerous cranial nerves and blood vessels.
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| Pterygoid Process or Plates | Form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities.
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| The sphenoid articulates with all ______ other cranial bones. | 7.
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| The sphenoid also articulates with _____ facial bones. | 5.
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| Ethmoid Bone | Lies primarily below the floor of the cranium.
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| Cribriform Plate | Small horizontal portion; contains many small openings or foramina through which segmental branches of the olfactory nerves pass.
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| Crista Galli | Projecting superiorly form the cribriform plate; which is derived from "rooster's comb".
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| Perpendicular Plate | Projecting downward is the midline; which helps form the bony nasal septum.
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| Superior & Middle Nasal Conchae or Turbinates | Extending medially and downward fromm the medial wall of each labyrinths are thin scroll-shaped projections of bone.
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| Lateral Labytinths (masses) | Are suspended from the undersurface of the cribriform plate on each side of the perpendicular plate; help to form the medial walls of the orbits and lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
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| The ethmoid articulates with _____ facial bones: | 11.
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| The ethmoid articulates with _____ cranial bones: | 2; frontal & sphenoid.
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| Sutures | Articulations or joints of the cranium and are classified as fibrous joints.
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| Coronal Suture | Separates the frontal bone from the 2 parietal bones.
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| Sagital Suture | Separates the 2 parietal bones in the midline.
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| Lambdoidal Suture | Separates the 2 parietal bones from the occipital bone.
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| Squamosal Sutures | Are formed by the inferior junction of the 2 parietal bones with their respective temporal bones.
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| Bregma | The anterior end of the sagittal suture.
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| Lambda | The posterior end.
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| Asterions | Left and right; are posterior to the ear where the squamosal and lambdoidal sutures meet.
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| Pterions | Left and right; are points at the junction of the frontal, parietals, temporals, and the greater wings of the sphenoid.
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| Infant Cranium & Fontanels | Membrane covered; Have 6 Fontanels:
-Anterior fontanel.
-Posterior fontanel.
-Left sphenoid fontanel.
-Right sphenoid fontanel.
-Left mastoid fontanel.
-Right mastoid fontanel.
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| AP Axial: Towne Method | - CR 30° to OML or 37° IOML.
- CR 2.5" above glabella.
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| Lateral Skull | - MSP parallel.
- Interpupillary perpendicular.
- CR 2" superior to EAM.
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| PA Axial: Caldwell Method | - CR 15° caudad.
- Petrous ridges over lower ⅓ of orbits.
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| PA Projection | - CR 0° PA.
- Petrous ridges over supraorbital margin.
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| Alternative PA Axial | - CR 25°-30° caudad .
- Petrous pyramids are projected at or just below the IOM to allow visualization of the entire orbital margin.
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| Trauma AP | - CR parallel to OML.
- CR to glabella.
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| SMV Projection | - CR perpendicular to IOML and IR.
- CR 1½" inferior to mandibular symphysis.
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| PA Axial: Haas Method | - OML perpendicular.
- CR 25° cephalad.
- CR exit 1½ in (4 cm) superior to nasion.
* Dorsum sellae appears larger within foramen magnum.
* Magnification of occipital bone evident.
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| EAM (External Acoustic Meatus) | Is the opening of the external ear canal.
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| GML (Glabellomeatal Line) | A line that is located between the global and the EAM.
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| OML (Orbitomeatal Line) | Is a frequently used positioning line that is located between the outer cants and EAM.
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| IOML (Infraorbitomeatal Line) or (Reid's Base Line) | Is formed by connecting the IOM to the EAM.
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| There is __________ difference b/w the OML & IOML. | 7°-8°.
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| AML (Acanthiomeatal Line) | Connects the acanthion to the EAM.
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| MML (Mentomeatal Line) | Connects the mental point to the EAM.
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| LML (Lips-Meatal Line) | A line of junction of the lips to the EAM.
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| GAL (glabelloalveolar Line) | Connects the glabella to a point at the anterior aspect of the alveolar process of the maxilla.
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| IPI (Interpupillary or Interorbital Line) | Is a line that connects the pupils or the outer canthi of the patient's eye.
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| Inion | Is the most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance.
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| Mesocephalic | 47°.
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| Brachycephalic | 54°.
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| Dolicephalic | 40°.
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