Land and water use
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| acid mine drainage | Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.
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| algal bloom | The rapid growth of a population of algae
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| Eutrophication | A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to algal blooms. Causes low dissolved oxygen for other animals.
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| Aquifer | A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.
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| CAFO | concentrated animal feeding operation which is a large feedlot used to produce a large amount of animal products quickly and cheaply.
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| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
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| drip irrigation | the practice of using small pipes that slowly drip water just above ground to conserve water to use for crops (most sustainable)
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| ecological footprint | the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
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| furrow irrigation | easy and inexpensive; 67% efficient; farmer digs trenches along the crop rows and fills them with water, which seeps into the ground and provides moisture to plant roots
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| Green Revolution | Agricultural revolution that increased production through pesticides, fertilizers, high-yield crop varieties, GMOs, and large-scale irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.
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| Integrated Pest Management | a variety of pest control methods that aim to keep the size of a pest population below the size which causes economic damage.
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| NPK Fertilizers | Fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
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| Salinization | Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth. Occurs when soils in dry climates are irrigated extensively (irrigated water has more salt than rainwater)
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| tilling | The turning-over of soil before planting. Makes an area more susceptible to erosion
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| Urbanization | Movement of people from rural areas to cities
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| water table | The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater
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| Waterlogging | water saturation of soil that fills all air spaces and causes plant roots to die from lack of oxygen; a result of overirrigation. Happens most often in less permeable soils (clay)
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| Tragedy of the Commons | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community
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| clear-cutting | The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once
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| slash and burn agriculture | a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land
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| selective cutting | cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind
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| Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) | Organisms whose genetic material has been modified for increased agricultural output
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| Pesticide treadmill | process through which a farmer uses more pesticides, with increasing costs, as the effectiveness of pesticides decreases. This is because some pests are resistant to the chemical and they survive and reproduce.
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| Pesticide resistance | a trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive
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| Manure lagoon | Human-made pond lined with rubber built to handle large quantities of manure produced by livestock.
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| Bycatch | The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing
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| strip mining | involves the removal of the Earth's surface (overburden) until it reaches the mineral or ore (type of surface mining)
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| mountain top removal | removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives and large machinery to expose coal and minerals
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| impervious surfaces | surfaces that don't absorb water ex. roads, sidewalks, houses / buildings
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| green roof | roof covered in vegetation - helps combat heat-island effect
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| no-till agriculture | An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion
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| contour plowing | plowing fields along the curves of a slope to prevent soil loss
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| mitigate | to make less severe
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| Terrace Farming | a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain
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| wind breaks | Rows of trees or tall shrubs which slow down the movement of wind across a field
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| Perennial plants | Plants that grow year after year
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| Annual plants | Live only one season and must be replanted each year, which causes disruption to soil (Example: wheat and corn)
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| crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil of nutrients.
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| green manure | Freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth.
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| rotational grazing | Confining animals to a small area for a short time (often only a day or two) before shifting them to a new location
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| flood irrigation | water is poured through canals and waterways so that it flows through fields; 80% efficient
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| spray irrigation | expensive and energy-consuming; 75% efficient; water is pumped from a well into an apparatus that contains a series of spray nozzles that spray water across the field
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| maximum sustainable yield (MSY) | the maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource
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| Overfishing | capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
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| bottom trawling | a fishing technique in which the ocean floor is literally scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path.
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| long-line fishing | fishing by dragging long lines with baited hooks
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| sonar fishing | a fishing technique where sonar waves are used to detect fish in the water and then different methods of collecting fish are performed.
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| purse seine | a fishing method capable of harvesting large quantities of surface fish by surrounding the school with a net. (can create a lot of bycatch)
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| Aquaculture | Raising marine and freshwater fish in cages under controlled conditions
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| Reforestation | planting young trees or seeds on lands where trees have been cut or destroyed
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| overburden | Layer of soil and rock overlying a mineral deposit. Surface mining removes this layer.
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| slag and tailings | Waste products that are mined with the ore
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| urban sprawl | The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over agricultural land.
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| heat island effect | Warmer temps are experienced in urban landscapes due to solar energy retention on darker surfaces. (streets, sidewalks, parking lots and buildings as opposed to farmland)
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Created by:
Yunuse