chapter 17 household chemicals
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| soapwarts and soabberries are? | cleansing agents from europe and tropical america (respectively)
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| the leaves of soapwarts and soapberries contain ___ chemical compounds giving them lathery texture | saponins
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| fist detergents | saponins
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| ancient babylonians used what as cleansing agents | alkane solution from plant ashes
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| soap was first mainly used as a | medicine
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| fat + lye= | soap
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| sodium carbonate heated with lime resulted in | lye sodium hydroxide
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| Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2 | lye 2NaOH+CaCO
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| what was heated with what to produce soap | sodium hydroxide heated with animal fats or vegetable oils
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| soap is a ___ of a long chain of ___ | salt of a long chain of carboxylic acid
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| why did some soap mad eby americam pioneers erode the skin | becuase it often contained unreacted alkali
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| how are fats and oils treated in modern comercial soapmaking | fats and oils are hydrolyzed with superheated steam and fatty acids are neutralized
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| potassium soaps compared to sodium soaps | poassium soaps are softer than sodium and produce a finer lather
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| most liquids for hand cleaning contain | synthetic detergents
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| soaps can also be made by reacting fatty acids with ___ ie. shampoos and cosmetics | triethanolamine
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| describe a soap molecules dual nature | one end is ionic, polar, and hydrophilic (water attracting).....the rest of the molecule is hydrocarbonlike, nonpolar and hydrophobic (water repelling)
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| what are the roles of the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail in soaps | the hydrophilic head dissolves in water while the hydrophobic tail dissolves in nonpolar substances (oils)
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| micelle | a spherecal collection of mollecules
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| while soap is working the oil and water form an _____ with soap acting as the ___ agent | emulsion, emulsifying agent
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| surface-active agent (surfactant) | any agent including soap that stabalizes the suspension of nonpolar substances in water
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| a disatvantage of soap is that it doesnt work well in | hard water
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| what is hard water | water containing certain metal ions (calcium , magnesium and iron)
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| what is the purpose of water softeners | make water less hard to make soap more effective remove ions of calcium magnesium and iron
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| what are effective water softeners (3) | washing soda, sodium carbonate, trisodium phosphate
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| what is the purpose of the carbonate ion in the water softener sodium carbonate | it makes the water basic, raising the pH of the water, removes incoluble salts
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| how do water softening tanks soften water | have insoluble polymeric materical that attracts and holds calcium magnesium and iron ions to its surface
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| what are the three main elements that make water hard | calcium , magnesium and iron
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| synthetic detergents are better then soap becuas they.. | are resistant to effects of acids and hard water
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| why was timing important in the development of synthetic detergents | soap materials were scarce and expensive during ww2 and so the synthetic soap industry developed rapidly in post war perios
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| synthetic detergents were made from __products | petroleum
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| ABS detergents were made from 2 main things | propylene, benzene and sulfuric acid
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| in ABS detergents propylene, benzene and sulfuric acid resulted in ___ | sulfonic acid
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| in making ABS detergents sulfonic acid was neutralized with a ___ usually __ | with a base usually sodium carbonate
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| why was ABS banned | it was nonbiodegradable, goundwater supply was threatened
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| what is the main difference between ABS and LAS detergents | abs was nonbiodegradable and LAS was biodegradable
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| LAS have __ chains of __ | linear chains of carbon atoms
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| how do microorganizms get rid of las detergents | produce enzymes that can break down the carbon atoms two at a time
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| why do synthetic detergents work better in acidic and hard water | their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble and do not separate out
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| the main component of laundry detergents is | surfactant
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| what does surfactant stand for | surface active agents
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| sulfactants are generally clasified by | the ionic charge borne by the working part of the material
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| small ion of opposite charge that ionic detergent is always associated with | counter ion
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| are ABS and LAS soaps ionic or anionic surfactants | anionic
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| anionic surfactant | soap has a negative charge on the active part
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| what is the counter ion for most anioic surfactants | Na+
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| nonionic surfactants (3 characteristics )(2main uses) | 1. no electrical charge 2. low sudsing 3. resistant to water hardness 1. laundry 2. dishawasher formulations
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| most widely used nonionic surfactants | alcohol ethoxylates
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| anionic surfactants (5 main uses) | ABS, LAS, laundry, hand dishwashing detergents, household cleansers make lots of suds!!
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| 4 surfactants | anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric
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| charge of cationic surfactants | positive charge on the active part
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| what are cationic surfactants not particularly good at | being detergents
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| what are the main uses for cationic surfactants | have a germicidal action , used for cleansers, disinfected for dairy ,sanatizing ingredients
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| most common cationic surfactant | quaternary ammonium salts
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| sometimes cationic surfactants are used with ___ | nonionic surfactacts
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| charges of amphoteric surfactants | both positive and negative charge
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| three main characterisitcs of amphoteric surfactants | mildness, sudsing, stability
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| main uses for amphoteric surfactants(2) | shampoos for babies, liquid handwashing soap
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| most common aphoerics include compouds called | betaines
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| any substance added to a surfactant to increase its detergence is called a | builder
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| what does a builder do when added to a surfactant | increase its detergency
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| main function of builder is to | reduce water hardness
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| what happens in suquestration | complex phosphates tie up calcium and magnesium in soluble complexes
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| thee complex phosphates used in sequestiation and synergistic proccess | 1. sodium triphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium citrate
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| why would states ban detergents with phosphates | speeds up the eutrophication of lakes
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| process of precipitation | sodium carbonate and soium silicate act by reacting with the hard water ions to form an insoluble substance
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| currently a prominant type of builder | zeolites
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| zeolites are complex | aluminosilicates
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| how do zeolites act | by ion exchange
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| explain the ion exchange of zeolites | zeolite anions trap calcium ions by exchanging them for their own sodium ions
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| optical brighteners | fluorescent whitening agents
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| optical brighteners are compounds called | blancophors (colorless dyes)
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| how do blancophos work as optical brighteners | absour invisible ultraviolet component of sunlight and reemit it as visible light at the blue and of the spectrum
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| liquid laundry detergents can be made with (3things) | sodium citrate, sodium carbonate or seolites
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| cheapest sufactants in liquid laundry detergents | LAS surfactants
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| four common surfactants used in liquid laundry | AES, LAS, alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates
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| what are alcohol ethoxylates most useful for | washing clothes that have to be washed on cold becuase they are most soluble in cold water
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| liquid detergents might ad __ or __ to help them disolve reallly gross stuff | a solvent( ehtanol, alcohol) or an enzyle(lipase)
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| liquid detergents for washing dishes by hand usually contain one or more __ as an active ingrediant | surfactant
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| the surfactant in liquid ldishwashing soap usually include __ as sodium and or the triethanolamine salt | LAS
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| if a nonionic surfactant is used in liquid dish detergent it is usually | DEA
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| do liquid dishwashing detergents usually contain builders | hell no
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| automatic dishwashing detergents often contain ___and should not be used for dishwashing | alkaline
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| in cationic surfactants the working part is | a positive ion
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| many cationic surfactants are __ __ salts | quanternary ammonion salts
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| formation of cation | 4 hydrocarbon groups attatched to a nitrogen atom
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| formation of the cation used for fabric softener | another quaternary salt with 2 long chains and two smaller nitrogen groups
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| bleaches are | oxidizing agents that remove colored stains from fabrics
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| familliar bleaches are 5.25% __ | sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl solutions)
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| whats the problem with hypochlorite bleaches | they release chlorine rapidly and can be damaging to fabrics turns polyester yellow
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| symclosene is an example of a __ type of bleach | cyanurate
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| what does cyanurate bleach do | in solid form so it releases chlorine slowly in water to minimize clothing damage
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| oxygen releasing bleaches usually contain __ or __ | sodium per carbonate or sodium perborate
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| in oxygen releaseing bleaches what acts as a bleach in hot water | hydrogen peroxide
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| borates are toxic and require what three things to meet an equivalant to chlorine bleach | higher temperatures, alkalinity and concentrations
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| fabrics last longer when __bleaching is used | oxygen bleaching
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| percarbonate bleaches act like a combination between | hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate
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| __ are becoming the prodominant form of oxygen bleach | percarbonate bleaches
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| bleaches act on light absorbing chemical groups called | chromophores
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| the lime buildup in the toilet bowl is mainly __ | calcium carbonate
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| what is the crystaline product used for toilet cleaner | sodium bisulfate
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| what is the liquid cleanser for toilets called | hydrochloric acid (HCl)
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| most powdered cleansers contain an abraisive such as _ used for | silica (SiO2) rubbing stains from surfaces
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| a __ is used in cleaners to dissolve grease | surfactant
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| most common glass cleaner is | isopropyl alcohol diluted with water
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| what else can be added to make glass cleaners stronger | ammonia or vinegar
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| what is the most important ingrediant in drain cleaners and what does it do | sodium hydroxide, it reacts with water to create heat to melt the grease in the pipes...it also reacts with fat in the pipes to make soap
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| three other possible additions to drain cleaners | bleach, concentrated sodium hydroxide , aluminum metal
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| oven cleaners are made of | sodium hydroxide
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| solvents are used in the home for what | remove stuff like paint varnish adhesives ect
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| petroleum solvents can be added to all purpose cleaners for | cutting grease
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| hazard about solvents | narcodical and flamable
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| three main ingredients in paint | pigment, binder, solvent
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| universal pigment taking the place of white lead | titanium dioxide
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| white lead was banned in | 1977
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| binder aka | film former
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| role of film former | binds pigment particles together and holds them on the painted surface
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| binder in oil paints is usually __or__ | tung oil or linseed oil
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| waterbased paints binder is usually | a polymer of somekind
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| most common interior paint binder | polyvinyl acetate
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| exterior water based paints binders | acrylic resins
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| solvent thats very resistant to sunlight and rain | acrylic latex binder
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| chemical makeup of a wax | ester of a long chain organic acid with a long chain alcohol
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| cornauba wax | coating that forms on the leaves of certain palm trees in Brazil
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| spermaceti wax | extracted from the head of a sperm whale, largly cetyl palmitate
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| lanolin | wax from sheeps wool, makes skin creams
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| what two things did egyptians use to make green eyeshadow | powdered antimony, green copper ore malachite
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| claudius galen | greek , invented cold cream
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| ladies of the 18th century whitened their faces with | lead carbonate (lead poisoning)
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| __$ on cosmetics | 89 billion
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| technical defonition of cosmetics | ....stuff to alter appearance
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| legal defontion of drug | affect the bodys structure or function
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| __ is excluded from both the drug and cosmetics legal definitions | soap
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| drugs must be proven __ before marketed | safe and effective
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| two main parts of epidermus | dead cells on outside (corneal layer) and live cells on the inside
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| corneal layer is composed mainly of | keratin
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| keratin must have a moisture content of _% | 10
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| skin is protected from loss of moisture by | sebum
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| sebun | protects skin from loss of moisture, oilly seccretion of the sebaccous glands
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| cosmetics are applied to dead cells on the __ layer | corneal
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| lotion | emulsion of tiny oil droplets dispersed in water
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| cream | water droplets dispersed in oil
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| essential ingredient of either a lotion or cream is | fatty or oily substance
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| emollients | skin softeners
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| how to emillients keep the skin moist | form a barrier that hunders evaporation of water from the skin
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| moisturizers job | hold moisure in the skin
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| UV rays make skin darker by triggering development of | melanin
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| suncreen lotions block __rays and allow __ rays | UV-B rays and allow UV-a rays through
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| old sunscreen was made with | (PABA)
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| problem with PABA sunscreen | water soluble washed off!
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| now wat is used in sunscreeen | OMC used in 90% of sunscreen lotions
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| spf stands for | skin protection factor
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| lipstickes are made of __and __ | oil and wax
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| three oils commonly used in lipsticks | castor oil, sesame oil or mineral oil
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| thee common waxes in lipstick | beeswax, carnauba and canelilla
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| what provides color to lipstick | bromoacid dyes
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| mascara has a base of (4) | soap, oils, fats, waxes
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| eye shadow has a bas eof | petroleum jelly
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| eye shadow composition | 60%petroleum jelly 10% fats and waxes 6%lanolin
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| deodorants have two main things | perfume and germicide
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| germicide in deodorant is usually made up of | triclosan
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| antiperperants are different from deodorants because they have | astrigents
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| astrigents are | constrict the opening of the sweat glands restricting perspiration allowed to escape
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| astrigens are usually made up of | zirconium and aluminum chlorides and hydroxides
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| __ is the most imporant cosmetic product | toothpaste
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| essential ingredients in toothpaste (2) | detergent and abrasive
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| typical toothpaste detergent (chemical name) | alkyl sulfates
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| the enamle of teeth is composed mainly of | hydroxyapatite
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| flouride converts part of the enamle to | flourapatire which is stronger and more resistant to decay!
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| 3 notes of perfume | top note, middle note, end note
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| top note | most volatile, small molecules, first application of perfume
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| middle note | intermediate volatility, lingering aroma after compounds have vaporized
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| end note | has low volatility, large molecules musky odor
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| androstenol | found in hair and urine may be sex attractant for females
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| colognes | perfumes diluted with ethylk alcohol or an alcohol water mixture
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| perfumes usually contain __% fragrant compounds | 10-25
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| colognes are oly _% as strong as perfumes | 10
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| hair is composed primarily of the fibrous protein | keratin
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| protein molecules (in hair) are made of amino acids which are held together by four forces .. | hyrdogen bonds, salt bridges, disulfide linkages, dispersion foces
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| water disrupts __ bonds (hair) | hydrogen
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| changes in Ph disrupt __ bonds | salt bridges
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| permanent waving or straitening of hair disrupts ___ bonding | disulfide linkages
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| keratin of hair has more or less disulfide linkages as the keratin of skin | more lots more
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| water disrupts __ making the hair feel __ | hydrogen bonds makes hair soft and stretchable
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| the maximum number of salt bridges exist at a pH of __ | 4.1
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| the visible portion of hair is (dead or alive ) the root of hair is (dead or alive) | dead; alive
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| the hair shaft is lubricated by | sebum
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| before ww2 the cleansin agent in shampoo was | soap
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| cleansing agent in modern shampoos | synthetic detergent
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| in adult shampoos detergent is usually __type ...same detergent used in __ | anionic type (sodium dodecyl sulfate) same used in toothpaste
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| in shampoo for babies the detergent type is usually | amphoteric surfactant (less irritating to the eyes
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| amphoteric detergents react with | both acids and bases
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| only essential ingredient in shampoo is | a detergent of some sort
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| shampoo for oily hair is more __ while shampoo for dry hair is more ___ | concentrated; diluted
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| what gives hair body why | protein, hair is protein
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| conditioners are made mainly of long chain __ or long chain __ | long chain alchols or long chain quaternary ammonium salts
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| most shampoos have a pH between __and__ | 5 and 8
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| color of hair and skin is determined by the relative amounts of what two pigmesnts | melanin (brownish black) and phaeomelanin (redish brown.redheads)
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| whad is the oxidizing agent usually used to bleach hair | hydrogen peroxide
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| para-phenylenediamine (hair) | derivative of aromatic amine, used in permanet dyes (black colored)
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| para-aminodiphenylaminesulfonic acid | used in blonde hair dying formulations
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| MMPD (hair) | in dying to produce an intermediate color, carcinogenic when fed to rats
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| substitute fo MMPD | EMPD (causes mutations in bacteria)
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| grecian formula | gradual hair dying using lead acetate, darker colors
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| permanent wave lotion contains __ to rupture the disulfide linkages | reducing agents such as thiogycolic acid
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| reducing agent in perming causes what to happen | protein chains are pulled appart as hair is held in curler position
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| after the protein bonds are broken in a perm what happens | hair is treated with oxidizing agen (hydrogen peroxide) and disulfide linkages are formed in new positions
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| hairsprays in hair hold it by the use of | resins
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| PVP (hair) | hairspray
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| a mousse iss | foam or froth .. in hair a holding resin
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| chemicals that remove unwanted hair are called | depilatories
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| depilatories | remove hair
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| most deilatories for removing hair contain | a soluble sulfur compound
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| how do depilatories work | they are strongly baisica and destroy some peptid ebonds in the hair so it can be washed off
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| minoxidil was first introduced as | a drug for treating high blood pressure
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| rogain is __ | minoxidil
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| biodegradeable detergents have __ chains | linear hydrocarbon
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| cationic surfactants with two long hydrocarbon chains are used as | fabric softeners
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| cationic surfactants are used as | disinfectants
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| esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols | waxes
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| eye makeup and lipstick are blends of mainly 3 things | oil waxes and pigments
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| toothpaste contains 5 main things | detergent , absaisive, thicker, flavoring, often flouride compound
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| red hair contains the pigment | phaeomelanin
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| dark hair contains the pigment | melanin
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| blonde hair contains the pigment | not much of either
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