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chapter 17 household
chapter 17 household chemicals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| soapwarts and soabberries are? | cleansing agents from europe and tropical america (respectively) |
| the leaves of soapwarts and soapberries contain ___ chemical compounds giving them lathery texture | saponins |
| fist detergents | saponins |
| ancient babylonians used what as cleansing agents | alkane solution from plant ashes |
| soap was first mainly used as a | medicine |
| fat + lye= | soap |
| sodium carbonate heated with lime resulted in | lye sodium hydroxide |
| Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2 | lye 2NaOH+CaCO |
| what was heated with what to produce soap | sodium hydroxide heated with animal fats or vegetable oils |
| soap is a ___ of a long chain of ___ | salt of a long chain of carboxylic acid |
| why did some soap mad eby americam pioneers erode the skin | becuase it often contained unreacted alkali |
| how are fats and oils treated in modern comercial soapmaking | fats and oils are hydrolyzed with superheated steam and fatty acids are neutralized |
| potassium soaps compared to sodium soaps | poassium soaps are softer than sodium and produce a finer lather |
| most liquids for hand cleaning contain | synthetic detergents |
| soaps can also be made by reacting fatty acids with ___ ie. shampoos and cosmetics | triethanolamine |
| describe a soap molecules dual nature | one end is ionic, polar, and hydrophilic (water attracting).....the rest of the molecule is hydrocarbonlike, nonpolar and hydrophobic (water repelling) |
| what are the roles of the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail in soaps | the hydrophilic head dissolves in water while the hydrophobic tail dissolves in nonpolar substances (oils) |
| micelle | a spherecal collection of mollecules |
| while soap is working the oil and water form an _____ with soap acting as the ___ agent | emulsion, emulsifying agent |
| surface-active agent (surfactant) | any agent including soap that stabalizes the suspension of nonpolar substances in water |
| a disatvantage of soap is that it doesnt work well in | hard water |
| what is hard water | water containing certain metal ions (calcium , magnesium and iron) |
| what is the purpose of water softeners | make water less hard to make soap more effective remove ions of calcium magnesium and iron |
| what are effective water softeners (3) | washing soda, sodium carbonate, trisodium phosphate |
| what is the purpose of the carbonate ion in the water softener sodium carbonate | it makes the water basic, raising the pH of the water, removes incoluble salts |
| how do water softening tanks soften water | have insoluble polymeric materical that attracts and holds calcium magnesium and iron ions to its surface |
| what are the three main elements that make water hard | calcium , magnesium and iron |
| synthetic detergents are better then soap becuas they.. | are resistant to effects of acids and hard water |
| why was timing important in the development of synthetic detergents | soap materials were scarce and expensive during ww2 and so the synthetic soap industry developed rapidly in post war perios |
| synthetic detergents were made from __products | petroleum |
| ABS detergents were made from 2 main things | propylene, benzene and sulfuric acid |
| in ABS detergents propylene, benzene and sulfuric acid resulted in ___ | sulfonic acid |
| in making ABS detergents sulfonic acid was neutralized with a ___ usually __ | with a base usually sodium carbonate |
| why was ABS banned | it was nonbiodegradable, goundwater supply was threatened |
| what is the main difference between ABS and LAS detergents | abs was nonbiodegradable and LAS was biodegradable |
| LAS have __ chains of __ | linear chains of carbon atoms |
| how do microorganizms get rid of las detergents | produce enzymes that can break down the carbon atoms two at a time |
| why do synthetic detergents work better in acidic and hard water | their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble and do not separate out |
| the main component of laundry detergents is | surfactant |
| what does surfactant stand for | surface active agents |
| sulfactants are generally clasified by | the ionic charge borne by the working part of the material |
| small ion of opposite charge that ionic detergent is always associated with | counter ion |
| are ABS and LAS soaps ionic or anionic surfactants | anionic |
| anionic surfactant | soap has a negative charge on the active part |
| what is the counter ion for most anioic surfactants | Na+ |
| nonionic surfactants (3 characteristics )(2main uses) | 1. no electrical charge 2. low sudsing 3. resistant to water hardness 1. laundry 2. dishawasher formulations |
| most widely used nonionic surfactants | alcohol ethoxylates |
| anionic surfactants (5 main uses) | ABS, LAS, laundry, hand dishwashing detergents, household cleansers make lots of suds!! |
| 4 surfactants | anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric |
| charge of cationic surfactants | positive charge on the active part |
| what are cationic surfactants not particularly good at | being detergents |
| what are the main uses for cationic surfactants | have a germicidal action , used for cleansers, disinfected for dairy ,sanatizing ingredients |
| most common cationic surfactant | quaternary ammonium salts |
| sometimes cationic surfactants are used with ___ | nonionic surfactacts |
| charges of amphoteric surfactants | both positive and negative charge |
| three main characterisitcs of amphoteric surfactants | mildness, sudsing, stability |
| main uses for amphoteric surfactants(2) | shampoos for babies, liquid handwashing soap |
| most common aphoerics include compouds called | betaines |
| any substance added to a surfactant to increase its detergence is called a | builder |
| what does a builder do when added to a surfactant | increase its detergency |
| main function of builder is to | reduce water hardness |
| what happens in suquestration | complex phosphates tie up calcium and magnesium in soluble complexes |
| thee complex phosphates used in sequestiation and synergistic proccess | 1. sodium triphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium citrate |
| why would states ban detergents with phosphates | speeds up the eutrophication of lakes |
| process of precipitation | sodium carbonate and soium silicate act by reacting with the hard water ions to form an insoluble substance |
| currently a prominant type of builder | zeolites |
| zeolites are complex | aluminosilicates |
| how do zeolites act | by ion exchange |
| explain the ion exchange of zeolites | zeolite anions trap calcium ions by exchanging them for their own sodium ions |
| optical brighteners | fluorescent whitening agents |
| optical brighteners are compounds called | blancophors (colorless dyes) |
| how do blancophos work as optical brighteners | absour invisible ultraviolet component of sunlight and reemit it as visible light at the blue and of the spectrum |
| liquid laundry detergents can be made with (3things) | sodium citrate, sodium carbonate or seolites |
| cheapest sufactants in liquid laundry detergents | LAS surfactants |
| four common surfactants used in liquid laundry | AES, LAS, alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates |
| what are alcohol ethoxylates most useful for | washing clothes that have to be washed on cold becuase they are most soluble in cold water |
| liquid detergents might ad __ or __ to help them disolve reallly gross stuff | a solvent( ehtanol, alcohol) or an enzyle(lipase) |
| liquid detergents for washing dishes by hand usually contain one or more __ as an active ingrediant | surfactant |
| the surfactant in liquid ldishwashing soap usually include __ as sodium and or the triethanolamine salt | LAS |
| if a nonionic surfactant is used in liquid dish detergent it is usually | DEA |
| do liquid dishwashing detergents usually contain builders | hell no |
| automatic dishwashing detergents often contain ___and should not be used for dishwashing | alkaline |
| in cationic surfactants the working part is | a positive ion |
| many cationic surfactants are __ __ salts | quanternary ammonion salts |
| formation of cation | 4 hydrocarbon groups attatched to a nitrogen atom |
| formation of the cation used for fabric softener | another quaternary salt with 2 long chains and two smaller nitrogen groups |
| bleaches are | oxidizing agents that remove colored stains from fabrics |
| familliar bleaches are 5.25% __ | sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl solutions) |
| whats the problem with hypochlorite bleaches | they release chlorine rapidly and can be damaging to fabrics turns polyester yellow |
| symclosene is an example of a __ type of bleach | cyanurate |
| what does cyanurate bleach do | in solid form so it releases chlorine slowly in water to minimize clothing damage |
| oxygen releasing bleaches usually contain __ or __ | sodium per carbonate or sodium perborate |
| in oxygen releaseing bleaches what acts as a bleach in hot water | hydrogen peroxide |
| borates are toxic and require what three things to meet an equivalant to chlorine bleach | higher temperatures, alkalinity and concentrations |
| fabrics last longer when __bleaching is used | oxygen bleaching |
| percarbonate bleaches act like a combination between | hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate |
| __ are becoming the prodominant form of oxygen bleach | percarbonate bleaches |
| bleaches act on light absorbing chemical groups called | chromophores |
| the lime buildup in the toilet bowl is mainly __ | calcium carbonate |
| what is the crystaline product used for toilet cleaner | sodium bisulfate |
| what is the liquid cleanser for toilets called | hydrochloric acid (HCl) |
| most powdered cleansers contain an abraisive such as _ used for | silica (SiO2) rubbing stains from surfaces |
| a __ is used in cleaners to dissolve grease | surfactant |
| most common glass cleaner is | isopropyl alcohol diluted with water |
| what else can be added to make glass cleaners stronger | ammonia or vinegar |
| what is the most important ingrediant in drain cleaners and what does it do | sodium hydroxide, it reacts with water to create heat to melt the grease in the pipes...it also reacts with fat in the pipes to make soap |
| three other possible additions to drain cleaners | bleach, concentrated sodium hydroxide , aluminum metal |
| oven cleaners are made of | sodium hydroxide |
| solvents are used in the home for what | remove stuff like paint varnish adhesives ect |
| petroleum solvents can be added to all purpose cleaners for | cutting grease |
| hazard about solvents | narcodical and flamable |
| three main ingredients in paint | pigment, binder, solvent |
| universal pigment taking the place of white lead | titanium dioxide |
| white lead was banned in | 1977 |
| binder aka | film former |
| role of film former | binds pigment particles together and holds them on the painted surface |
| binder in oil paints is usually __or__ | tung oil or linseed oil |
| waterbased paints binder is usually | a polymer of somekind |
| most common interior paint binder | polyvinyl acetate |
| exterior water based paints binders | acrylic resins |
| solvent thats very resistant to sunlight and rain | acrylic latex binder |
| chemical makeup of a wax | ester of a long chain organic acid with a long chain alcohol |
| cornauba wax | coating that forms on the leaves of certain palm trees in Brazil |
| spermaceti wax | extracted from the head of a sperm whale, largly cetyl palmitate |
| lanolin | wax from sheeps wool, makes skin creams |
| what two things did egyptians use to make green eyeshadow | powdered antimony, green copper ore malachite |
| claudius galen | greek , invented cold cream |
| ladies of the 18th century whitened their faces with | lead carbonate (lead poisoning) |
| __$ on cosmetics | 89 billion |
| technical defonition of cosmetics | ....stuff to alter appearance |
| legal defontion of drug | affect the bodys structure or function |
| __ is excluded from both the drug and cosmetics legal definitions | soap |
| drugs must be proven __ before marketed | safe and effective |
| two main parts of epidermus | dead cells on outside (corneal layer) and live cells on the inside |
| corneal layer is composed mainly of | keratin |
| keratin must have a moisture content of _% | 10 |
| skin is protected from loss of moisture by | sebum |
| sebun | protects skin from loss of moisture, oilly seccretion of the sebaccous glands |
| cosmetics are applied to dead cells on the __ layer | corneal |
| lotion | emulsion of tiny oil droplets dispersed in water |
| cream | water droplets dispersed in oil |
| essential ingredient of either a lotion or cream is | fatty or oily substance |
| emollients | skin softeners |
| how to emillients keep the skin moist | form a barrier that hunders evaporation of water from the skin |
| moisturizers job | hold moisure in the skin |
| UV rays make skin darker by triggering development of | melanin |
| suncreen lotions block __rays and allow __ rays | UV-B rays and allow UV-a rays through |
| old sunscreen was made with | (PABA) |
| problem with PABA sunscreen | water soluble washed off! |
| now wat is used in sunscreeen | OMC used in 90% of sunscreen lotions |
| spf stands for | skin protection factor |
| lipstickes are made of __and __ | oil and wax |
| three oils commonly used in lipsticks | castor oil, sesame oil or mineral oil |
| thee common waxes in lipstick | beeswax, carnauba and canelilla |
| what provides color to lipstick | bromoacid dyes |
| mascara has a base of (4) | soap, oils, fats, waxes |
| eye shadow has a bas eof | petroleum jelly |
| eye shadow composition | 60%petroleum jelly 10% fats and waxes 6%lanolin |
| deodorants have two main things | perfume and germicide |
| germicide in deodorant is usually made up of | triclosan |
| antiperperants are different from deodorants because they have | astrigents |
| astrigents are | constrict the opening of the sweat glands restricting perspiration allowed to escape |
| astrigens are usually made up of | zirconium and aluminum chlorides and hydroxides |
| __ is the most imporant cosmetic product | toothpaste |
| essential ingredients in toothpaste (2) | detergent and abrasive |
| typical toothpaste detergent (chemical name) | alkyl sulfates |
| the enamle of teeth is composed mainly of | hydroxyapatite |
| flouride converts part of the enamle to | flourapatire which is stronger and more resistant to decay! |
| 3 notes of perfume | top note, middle note, end note |
| top note | most volatile, small molecules, first application of perfume |
| middle note | intermediate volatility, lingering aroma after compounds have vaporized |
| end note | has low volatility, large molecules musky odor |
| androstenol | found in hair and urine may be sex attractant for females |
| colognes | perfumes diluted with ethylk alcohol or an alcohol water mixture |
| perfumes usually contain __% fragrant compounds | 10-25 |
| colognes are oly _% as strong as perfumes | 10 |
| hair is composed primarily of the fibrous protein | keratin |
| protein molecules (in hair) are made of amino acids which are held together by four forces .. | hyrdogen bonds, salt bridges, disulfide linkages, dispersion foces |
| water disrupts __ bonds (hair) | hydrogen |
| changes in Ph disrupt __ bonds | salt bridges |
| permanent waving or straitening of hair disrupts ___ bonding | disulfide linkages |
| keratin of hair has more or less disulfide linkages as the keratin of skin | more lots more |
| water disrupts __ making the hair feel __ | hydrogen bonds makes hair soft and stretchable |
| the maximum number of salt bridges exist at a pH of __ | 4.1 |
| the visible portion of hair is (dead or alive ) the root of hair is (dead or alive) | dead; alive |
| the hair shaft is lubricated by | sebum |
| before ww2 the cleansin agent in shampoo was | soap |
| cleansing agent in modern shampoos | synthetic detergent |
| in adult shampoos detergent is usually __type ...same detergent used in __ | anionic type (sodium dodecyl sulfate) same used in toothpaste |
| in shampoo for babies the detergent type is usually | amphoteric surfactant (less irritating to the eyes |
| amphoteric detergents react with | both acids and bases |
| only essential ingredient in shampoo is | a detergent of some sort |
| shampoo for oily hair is more __ while shampoo for dry hair is more ___ | concentrated; diluted |
| what gives hair body why | protein, hair is protein |
| conditioners are made mainly of long chain __ or long chain __ | long chain alchols or long chain quaternary ammonium salts |
| most shampoos have a pH between __and__ | 5 and 8 |
| color of hair and skin is determined by the relative amounts of what two pigmesnts | melanin (brownish black) and phaeomelanin (redish brown.redheads) |
| whad is the oxidizing agent usually used to bleach hair | hydrogen peroxide |
| para-phenylenediamine (hair) | derivative of aromatic amine, used in permanet dyes (black colored) |
| para-aminodiphenylaminesulfonic acid | used in blonde hair dying formulations |
| MMPD (hair) | in dying to produce an intermediate color, carcinogenic when fed to rats |
| substitute fo MMPD | EMPD (causes mutations in bacteria) |
| grecian formula | gradual hair dying using lead acetate, darker colors |
| permanent wave lotion contains __ to rupture the disulfide linkages | reducing agents such as thiogycolic acid |
| reducing agent in perming causes what to happen | protein chains are pulled appart as hair is held in curler position |
| after the protein bonds are broken in a perm what happens | hair is treated with oxidizing agen (hydrogen peroxide) and disulfide linkages are formed in new positions |
| hairsprays in hair hold it by the use of | resins |
| PVP (hair) | hairspray |
| a mousse iss | foam or froth .. in hair a holding resin |
| chemicals that remove unwanted hair are called | depilatories |
| depilatories | remove hair |
| most deilatories for removing hair contain | a soluble sulfur compound |
| how do depilatories work | they are strongly baisica and destroy some peptid ebonds in the hair so it can be washed off |
| minoxidil was first introduced as | a drug for treating high blood pressure |
| rogain is __ | minoxidil |
| biodegradeable detergents have __ chains | linear hydrocarbon |
| cationic surfactants with two long hydrocarbon chains are used as | fabric softeners |
| cationic surfactants are used as | disinfectants |
| esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols | waxes |
| eye makeup and lipstick are blends of mainly 3 things | oil waxes and pigments |
| toothpaste contains 5 main things | detergent , absaisive, thicker, flavoring, often flouride compound |
| red hair contains the pigment | phaeomelanin |
| dark hair contains the pigment | melanin |
| blonde hair contains the pigment | not much of either |
Created by:
zielske
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