GEO Final
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| Accuturation | Cultural change, generally the reconciliation of two or more culture groups.
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| Ethnicity | Group of people sharing common cultural or national heritage and often sharing a common language or religion.
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| Nationality | Identity with a group sharing legal attachment to a particular country .
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| Race | The categorization of humans into groups based physical characteristics or ancestry.
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| Segregation | The spatial and/or social separation of people by race or ethnicity.
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| Ethnic cleansing | An attempt to complete expunge or remove traces of another population from a place. May or may not relate to genocide.
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| Ghetto | Area of externally forced and legally-defined ethnic or racial separation.
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| The Pencil Test | Was used to determine racial identity in South Africa during the apartheid era, distinguishing whites from coloureds and blacks. (pushed through a person's hair to determine if they passed or failed the test.
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| Ethnic enclaves | An attempt to complete expunge or remove traces of another population from a place. May or may not relate to genocide.(Chinatown and Little Italy)
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| Jim Crow | A set of laws enforcing racial segregation and disenfranchisement in the southern United States in the poet Civil War era.
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| Environmental Justice | The concept that environmental benefits and burdens should be equally shared across different socio-economic groups .
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| Explain the term "redlining": what was it about, when did it happen, and what are the consequences of this policy on generations of African Americans? | Real estate lenders would draw on their maps to mark predominantly Black or mixed-race neighborhoods. It was a government policy that happened in the 1930s. Consequences include higher risk of Health issues, Economic issues, and Segregation reinforcing.
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| Define the terms race, ethnicity, and nationality and explain their differences. Name five different racial categories recognized by the U.S. Census. | White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
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| Terrorism | Intimidation of a population by violence in order to further political aims.
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| Gerrymandering | The process of redrawing legislative districts in order to benefit the party in power and ensure victory in elections.
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| Nation-state | State in which the territorial boundaries encompass a group of people with a shared ethnicity.
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| Colony | An area over which a foreign nation or state extends or maintains control .
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| Geometric Boundary | Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
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| Different types of government | Monarchy, Democracy, Oligarchy, Dictatorship, Theocracy, Anarchism, Republic, Federalism
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| Balkanization | The breakup of a larger country into smaller independent states which are often hostile to each other
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| Redlining | Was widely used in the past to deny African Americans (and immigrants) access to loans and insurance needed for home purchases in predominantly white suburbs.
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| Different shapes of states | Compact elongated, and prorupted
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| States | A formal region in which the government has sovereignty or control of its own affairs within its territorial boundaries.
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| Stateless nations | A nation that aspires to become a nation-state but does not yet have their own territory.
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| Economic and Military associations and organizations | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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| Different types of borders | Physical, geometric, and ethnic
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| What are the two different ways gerrymandering is used in the US political system | Drawing the boundaries so that the majority of voters in a district favor the party in power. Another method is to segregate the opposition voters into several different districts.
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| Define Enclave | Is a territory that is completely surrounded by the territory of one other state.
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| Geometric Boundary | Are straight lines that could coincide with latitude or longitude.
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| Ethnic Boundary | They are drawn based on a cultural trait, such as where people share a language or religion.
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| Physical Boundary | Are natural features on the landscape such as rivers, lakes, and mountains.
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| Compact | Roundish in shape, with the distance from the middle to the border relatively equal. Efficient because of transportation and communication are efficient.
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| Elongated | Long and narrow, with a sliver of land extending far in one direction. Can be difficult to manage cuz of transportation and communication is more difficult.
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| Prorupted | Compact state with a portion of its boundary extending outward than the other portions. Are designed to give citizens access to specific resource such as a large body of water.
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | Comprises 28 states and was developed after World War II to counter the threat of the former Soviet Union.
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| Warsaw Pact | Military alliance between the Soviet Union and seven satellite states of Eastern and Central Europe.
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| Al Qaeda (terrorist group) | Was responsible for the 9/11 attacks and had several affiliates
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| ISIS/L (terrorist group) | Extremist Muslim group that intends to seize as much territory as possible in the Middle East and force their subjects to adhere to their strict version of Islamic fundamentalism.
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| Russia and the Syrian | Two countries do fight against ISIS/L, they are also opposed to other Syrian rebel forces, which the United States supports. T
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| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (alliance) | This alliance integrates the United States, Mexico and Canada and facilitates the flow of goods and services across borders.
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| Trans-Pacific Partnership (alliance) | An agreement between 11 countries that border the Pacific Ocean, and originally included the United States.
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| Example of Physical Boundary | The river, Rio Grande shiftsgradually,. The fact that the course of a river is not fixed, a river boundary can be problematic.
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| Example of Geometric Boundary | With the northwestern boundary of the United States with Canada along 49o north latitude.
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| Example of Ethnic Boundary | In eastern Ukraine, the majority of the population speaks Russian and is sympathetic to Russians on the other side of the border.
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| Define Exclave | An exclave is a part of a state that is geographically separated from the main part by the territory of one or more states.
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| How are exclave and enclave different? | Enclaves are inner and Exclaves are outer.
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| Free Trade | A system of trade that removes all ‘artificial’ barriers that otherwise limit exports and exports between countries. Elimination of tariffs, duties, domestic subsidies, or laws that favor one country or company over another.
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| Macroeconomic theory | The branch of economics concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and national productivity.
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| Opportunity cost | The activity that has to be given up (forgone) in order to conduct the current activity.
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| Life expectancy | The average predicted number of years of life for any given person beginning at birth.
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| Mortality rates | A measure of how many children die in any given year compared to 1,000 live births. Countries with low levels of development tend to have high infant mortality.
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| GDP (Gross Domestic Product) | All of the goods and services produced within a country within a given year. The formula for GDP is Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports.
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| PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) | Helps us understand the differences in the cost of living and good between the two places, allowing for a more meaningful comparison.
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| GNI (Gross National Income) | All of the goods and services produced within a country in addition to all of the net income its companies and citizens receives from overseas.
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| HDI (Human Development Index) | Using data on life expectancy, education and literacy, and income, we can calculate
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| 1. Explain the Rostow model | Traditional Society, Preconditions for Take-off, Take-off, Drive Maturity
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| Rostow model | He argued that countries historically follow a similar and predictable pathway to wealth and stability and that each country is in one of the 5 stages of growth
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| Intergovernmental organizations | To provide a more comprehensive picture of a country's development beyond just economic growth.
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| Why do we measure the HDI? | To provide a comprehensive picture of a country's development beyond just economic factors,
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| What three factors are considered when calculating a country's HDI? | Life expectancy (health), Education level and Standard of Living (per capita income)
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| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture engaged in the production, processing, and distribution of food
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| Different types of agriculture | Commercial, Globalized, Intensive Subsistence, Nontraditional Export, Slash-and-Burn , Subsistence, Sustainable,
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| Terms used to describe health issues due to lack of nutritional food | undernourishment/undernutrition
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| Green Revolution | a new agricultural technology characterized by high-yield seeds and fertilizers exported from the core to the periphery in order to increase their agricultural productivity
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| Food sovereignty | The right of people, communities, and countries to define their own agricultural policies.
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| Cultural hearths | Cultural trends originates and spreads
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| Food consumptions | Study of patterns of food production and consumption at local and global levels.
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| Technology | The use of tools and techniques to study, analyze, and vusyal spatial data.
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| Labor-intensive agriculture | System of raising crops and animals that require a large amount of labor or production inputs per acre.
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| Agricultural revolutions | Periods of significant change in agricultural techniques and practices.
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| Green Revolution | A new agricultural technology characterized by high-yield seeds and fertilizers exported from the core to the periphery in order to increase their agricultural productivity
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| What is the difference in food production methods, between conventional and organic agriculture? Which one is more sustainable and why? | Convectional increases green house gas, soil eroison, water pollution, and human health. Organic has smaller carbon footprint as it builds soils, and replenishes cleaner water and ait without toxic residues.
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| 3. Explain the Von Thuenen Model of agricultural activity and the effect of distance from the market on the type of agriculture in each circle. | Model represents the choice of crops on commercial farms within certain distances of highly perishable products to be produced dear markets. This agriculture is in Biotechnology.
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| Break of bulk | The point of transferring from one form of transport to another.
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| Fordism | Rational form of mass production for standardizing and simplifying production.
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| Taylorism | The scientific management of production.
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| Post-Fordism | Used to describe the growth of new production methods by flexible production, individualization of labor relations.
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| Site | Are industrial location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant. (physical land)
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| Situation | Development happens around the location - connections or lack there of (roads, development, connections to neighboring cities, etc)
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| Gig Economy | A labor market characterized by freelance work.
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| Which Post/Fordism is more related to globalization? | Post Fordism
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| Bulk-gaining | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the input.
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| Bulk-reducing | Industrial activity that produces a product that weighs less than the input.
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| which one would most likely be located closer to the markets? bulk gaining or bulk reducing? | Bulk-gaining.
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| Basic business | A business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
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| Non-basic business | Involves services within the community (hospital)
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| Central Place Theory | Concerned with the size, number, functional characteristics, and spacing of settlements, which are nodal points for the distribution of goods and services to surrounding market areas.
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| CBDs (Central Business District) | The central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city
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| Sources of energy | Fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas
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| Urban services | A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core
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| Edge city | A nodal concentration of shopping and office space situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections
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| Shock city | A city recording surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life in a short period of time
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| Conservation | Using natural resources in a sustainable way so that they are preserved for future generations.
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| Preservation | Setting aside areas so that resources are essentially untouched with as little human impact as feasible.
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| the Montreal Protocol | A global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
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| Dead zones | An area in a body of water, like an ocean or lake, where the level of dissolved oxygen is so low that most aquatic life cannot survive.
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| What is the greenhouse effect | The trapping of longwave radiation (heat) by certain greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere; greenhouse gases absorb and reradiate the heat radiated from the Earth, increasing global temperatures by 35c.
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| what is the impact of the greenhouse effect on the environment? What are some of the solutions to the problem? | transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, improving energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions from transportation and industry, and promoting sustainable practices like reforestation and responsible consumption.
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| Renewable energy source | A resource that is in infinite supply such as solar and wind energy.
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| Non-renewable energy source | A resource that is in finite supply and is depleted by humans.
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| Pro of Renewable energy | Reduce air pollution leading to better health and lower healthcare costs.
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| Con of Renewable energy | Can't always produce consistent power due to reliance on natural factors such as sunlight and wind.
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| Con of non-renewable energy | Health risks and releases high levels of pollution within the atmosphere.
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| How are the European and American CBDs similar or different? And why. | European CBDs tend to have a more pronounced mixture of land uses and a higher population density. The European CBDs often have more historical buildings, narrow streets, and mixed-use developments
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| Commercial Argriculture | A system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale
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| Globalized Argriculture | Agriculture increasingly influenced more at the global or regional levels than at national level
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| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers involve the effective and efficient use of small parcels of land in order to maximize crop yield per hectare
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| Nontraditional Agricultural exports: | New export crops that contrast with traditional exports
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| Slash-and-Burn Agriculture | A method for obtaining more agricultural land in which fields are cleared (swidden) by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris
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| Subsistence Agriculture | Farming designed to grow food only to sustain farmers and their families, consuming most of that they produce without entering into cash economy of the country
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| Sustainable Agriculture | The efficient production of safe, high quality agricultural products, in a way that protects and improves the natural environment, the social and economic conditions of farmers, and safeguards the health and welfare of all farmed species
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| Traditional Society | Characterized by subsistence agriculture with intensive labor and low levels of trade in which most live on small farms, are mostly focused on local concerns, and remain largely disconnected from the rest of the world.
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| Preconditions for Take-off | Initial manufacturing stage, beginning of trade, new ideas, emergence of banks, but society still dominated by tradition.
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| Take-off | A short period of massive disruptive societal change, in which industrialization accelerates, high profits are reinvested in new technologies, often brought on from external forces.
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| Drive to Maturity | Takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, economic growth outpaces population growth, use of technology and education increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies.
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| Age of High Mass Consumption | final stage, in which most enjoy the luxury of consuming far more than they need. Advanced economies have a surplus that can be used do increase social welfare and reduce risks to society.
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| What are the environmental, social, and economic consequences of the Green Revolution? | Increasing the commitment to organic farming.
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| What are the environmental, social, and economic consequences of the Green Revolution? | Increasing the commitment to organic farming.
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| Example of Bulk-gaining | Beverage bottle plant. Empty bottles are being transported to the factory, filled with liquid and shipping out is heavier with filled bottles making it more cost-effective
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| Example of bulk-reducing | Copper mining and processing. Raw ore is refined into copper making it weigh less and the location is near the source of raw material to minimize transportation costs
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