psych 150

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Term

Definition

Body Growth and Change (length. weight)

slow, consistent growth in middle/late childhood averages; 2-3inches, 5-7lbs per year head/waist circumference decreases in relation to body height bones continue to ossify, yield to pressure/pull more than mature bones

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The Brain 6

total brain volume stabilizes cortical thickness increases major changes in prefrontal cortex area brain strengthens neurological circuits used regularly synaptic pruning/myelination(focusing attention complete) 2 hemispheres take responsibilities

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Motor Development (Gross/Fine Motor)

Gross;become smoother/↑coordinated boys outperform organized sport encourage development fine motor;improve, ↑myleniation of CNS use hands more skillfully 10-12yrs;manipulative skills =adults complex,intricate,rapid movements girls outperform

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Piaget- Concrete Operational Stages (4 types)

7-11yrs intuitive reasoning --> logical reasoning concrete operations;reversible actions on real, concrete objects conservation classification seriation transitivity

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What can children understand in the concrete operational stage? (4)

conservation;don't conserve all quantities/all tasks simultaneously classification;interrelationships among sets/subsets seriation;ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension(length) transitivity;ability to logically combine relationships

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Information Processing Theory (2) attention

Attention;drastically improve ability to sustain/control attention pay more attention to task-relevant stimuli than salient stimuli

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Memory (correlations, types)

↑long term ↑memory = ↑knowledge/use of strategies working;mental workbench, manipulate/assemble info when decisions, problem solving, comprehending language autobiographical;↑age, more complete

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Memory (improving memory) 7

strategies;deliberate mental activities that↑info processing advise elaborate on what is to be remembered elaboration;more extensive processing of info ↑mental imagery ↑understanding↓memorize repeat w variation,link early/often memoryrelevant langua

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Language Development (3) 7yrs

7yrs;categorize vocabulary by parts of speech, categorizing becomes easier as vocabulary ↑ development of metalinguistic awareness(knowledge abt language, child think abt language, understand/define words) can catch grammar mistakes progress in pragmati

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Bilingualism and Second-Language Learning (sensitive periods)

vary across language systems; adolescents/adults;new vocab>sound/grammar 10-12yrs↓ability to pronounce native-like accents bilingualism=↑outcomes for language/cognitive development subtractive bilingualism;immigrant child learn new langauge->monolingu

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what plays a role in reading comprehension? Reading (approaches) 2

vocabulary phonics approach;focus on phonics/basic rules for translating written symbols to sounds (emphasized) involve simplified material whole-language approach;parallel child's natural language learning reading material should be whole/meaningful

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Writing (stages)

2-3yrs; early scribbles 4yrs;print first name 5yrs;reproduce letters/copy short words they tend to invent spelling = important as cognitive skills(organization/logical reasoning) elementary/middle school -->↑sophisticated methods to organize ideas

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Emotional Development (changes) 5

↑emotional understanding (>1 emotion can be experienced in a situation) ↑aware of events leading to emotional responses ↑ability to suppress negative emotional reactions use self-initiated strategies to redirect feelings capacity for genuine empathy

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Emotional Development (coping with stress) 3, age

↑ability to accurately appraise stressful situation + determine how much control they have over it generates more coping alternatives better reframing of pov of stressful situation 10yrs;uses cognitive strategies to cope with stress

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The Self (five changes)

self-evaluation becomes more complex psychological characterisitcs+traits;8-11yrs,↑describes with psychological traits social description;+social aspects(social groups) social comparison;↑reference real/ideal self;distinguish between - realistic

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Understanding Others what is perspective taking

↑perspective taking;social/cognitive process involved in assuming pov of others + understanding their thoughts/feelings understand others have different pov b/c they have↑info ⭐for determining whether children->prosocial/antisocial attitudes/behaviors

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What are executive functions at work in perspective taking? (2)

cognitive inhibition;controlling one's thoughts to consider pov of others cognitive flexibility;seeing situations in different ways

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Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development (fourth stage : industry vs inferiority)

elementary school years children becomes more interested in how things are made/how they work if child is encouraged in efforts to make/build/work->↑industry if efforts to make things are viewed as mischief/making a mess->↑inferiority

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Parenting (who, styles 4) Diana Baumrind

associated with aspects of children's social behavior authoritarian;restrictive/punitive authoritative;encourage child to be independent, places limits on actions neglectful;uninvolved indulgent;highly involved but places few demands/controls

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Peers (importance,changes)

good peer relation necessary for normal social development size of peer group ↑ peer interactions less closely supervised by adults

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Peers (stages of change)

~3yrs;spend time with same-sex>opposite-sex playmates preferences↑in early childhood preschool;frequency of +/- peer interactions↑ early childhood;distinguish friends/nonfriends elementary;reciporcity is more important in peer exchanges

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Peer Status (sociometric statuses) 5 bff nomination + liked/disliked

popular;+nominated as bff rarely disliked controversial;+nominated as bff, disliked by peers average;average +/- peer nominations neglected;-nominated as bff, not disliked by peers rejected;-nominated as bff, disliked by peers

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Popular Children What contributes to their status? 6

social skills that contribute to being well liked give reinforcements listen carefully maintain open line of communication happy,control - emotions, enthusiasm/concern for others self confident without being concieted

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Rejected Children What contributes to their status (stats, 4)

often have serious adjustment issues aggression, impulsiveness, disruptiveness; underly rejection 50% of time 10-20% are shy

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Bullying (what is it, most frequent type, other types 4)

verbal/physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful more frequent type:belittling on looks/speech types: religion/race,hit/slap/push, rumor, sexual comments/gestures

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Bullying (characteristics more likely to experience bullying 5, outcomes of bullying 4, social contexts 4 )

most likely: boys, younger jhs, anxious, socially withdrawn, aggressive children outcomes:loneliness, difficulty befriending, ↓grades, ↑smoke/drink social contexts: poverty, family, school, peer groups

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Bullying (cyberbullying, causes of being a cyberbully 4 , outcomes of cyberbullying 2, school intervention)

increased concern: peer bullying/harassment online bully traits:lonely,↓self esteem, ↓mutal friendships,↓peer popularity victims;↑stress,suicidal ideation school;focus on whole school>classroom curricula/social skill training

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