US Physics Must Know from Reynolds
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| Sound is | show 🗑
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| In a longitudinal wave | show 🗑
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| One cycle of sound is made up of what? | show 🗑
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| The four acoustic variables are: | show 🗑
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| Frequency is | show 🗑
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| show | Hertz (Hz)
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| show | 20Hz to 20,000Hz
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| Frequency Range for Ultrasound | show 🗑
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| show | 2MHz to 10MHz
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| show | Decreases image depth because attenutaion increases
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| show | Improves axial resolution because shorter pulses are created
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| Increasing Frequency | show 🗑
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| Increasing Frequency | show 🗑
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| show | Shorter PD
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| The Narrower the Beam | show 🗑
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| show | Provide for better axial resolution
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| show | 1.54(mm/us)/frequency(MHz)
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| show | Decreases the wavelength which decreases SPL leading to an improvement in axial resolution
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| The Shorter the Pulse | show 🗑
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| Average Speed of Sound in Soft Tissue | show 🗑
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| The Stiffer the Material | show 🗑
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| show | 333m/s
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| show | 3500m/s
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| show | The strength of the outgoing signal or returning echo
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| Units for Amplitude | show 🗑
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| An Increase in Transmit Gain | show 🗑
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| Units for Power | show 🗑
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| Intensity is | show 🗑
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| There have been no proven biological effects for | show 🗑
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| show | amplitude, transmit gain, gain, attenuation, TGC, and dynamic range
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| An increase in intensity by 40dB represents | show 🗑
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| For soft tissue, 3dB represents | show 🗑
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| Another term for stiffness is | show 🗑
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| For perpendicular incidence | show 🗑
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| show | Over 99% of the sound energy is reflected with less than 1% of the sound energy transmitted
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| show | over 99% of the sound energy is transmitted with only 1% reflected
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| show | are large, smooth surfaced reflectors that require perpendicular incidence
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| Scatter Reflectors | show 🗑
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| Increase Frequency | show 🗑
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| show | the Red Blood Cell
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| Reflections from scatter reflectors | show 🗑
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| show | a fundamental frequency and processes the second harmonic (twice the fundamental frequency)
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| Two types of harmonic imaging | show 🗑
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| show | multiples of the fundamental frequency are created by the reflector (e.g. contrast bubble)
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| show | are created by the propagation of sound through tissue
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| Harmonic imaging may be improved by | show 🗑
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| Harmonic imaging improves | show 🗑
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| show | side lobe/grating lobe artifacts
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| show | near field reverberation
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| Perpendicular incidence (90 degrees) | show 🗑
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| show | the amount of reflection (intensity reflection coefficient (IRC)) at a boundary
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| Perpendicular incidence equation | show 🗑
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| Oblique incidence | show 🗑
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| show | incidence angle
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| show | the change in the direction of sound travel and is associated with lateral displacement of structures on the display
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| Snell's Law (Law of Refraction) | show 🗑
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| show | there is perpendicular incidence or if there is oblique inceidence and the propagation speeds of the two media are equal
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| show | absorption (conversion of sound energy into heat)
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| The attenuation coefficient(dB/cm) for soft tissue is | show 🗑
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| show | 0.5 x frequency(MHz) x path length(cm)
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| The Piezoelectric Effect is | show 🗑
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| Increasing the Frequency | show 🗑
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| The thinner the piezoelectric element and the higher the propagation speed of the element | show 🗑
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| The Matching Layer | show 🗑
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| show | is placed behind the piezoelectric element, reduces the ringing of the element, reduces SPL and PD which improves axial resolution
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| show | increases bandwidth and reduces the QF
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| Modern US transducers | show 🗑
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| show | is the sound beam region located between the transducer face and the focal point
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| Beam width decreases where? | show 🗑
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| show | is the narrowest portion of the sound beam where intensity is the greatest and lateral resolution is the best
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| The Far Field (Fraunhofer zone, far zone) | show 🗑
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| show | By increasing the transducer diameter (best way) and/or by increasing the frequency
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| Focusing | show 🗑
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| Internal focusing curves what? | show 🗑
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| show | places a curved lens on the piezoelectric element or transducer face
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| show | curves the pulses going to the piezoelectric element
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| show | uses delay lines to focus the returning echoes
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| Only transmit focusing is controlled by? | show 🗑
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| Lateral Resolution is dependent upon what? | show 🗑
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| show | Increasing the transducer diameter, frequency, harmonics, and/or by focusing
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| show | The spatial pulse length and pulse duration (the shorter the pulse, the better the axial resolution)
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| Axial resolution is improved by what? | show 🗑
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| show | is a large electronic transducer which creates a linear display
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| show | is a small electronic transducer where all the piezoelectric elements are fired but with a brief time delay in order to beam steer and beam focus
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| The annular array transducer | show 🗑
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| show | creates a cross sectional image by placing a piezoelectric element on a motor, is fixed focus where an acoustic standoff may be used to alter the placement of the focus
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| Beam scanning infers what? | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanically or electronically directing the sound beam toward a certain direction
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| Beam focusing is what? | show 🗑
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| The range equation uses what? | show 🗑
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| For soft tissue, how long does it take for an US pulse to travel 1 cm round trip? | show 🗑
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| show | is the number of pulses created per second
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| PRF is determined primarily by what? | show 🗑
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| show | Inversly (increase depth, decrease PRF; decrease depth, increase PRF)
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| show | the percentage of time the machine spends producing a pulse; it is unitless
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| show | The piezoelectric element
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| The sonographer can control what with the transmit gain control? | show 🗑
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| Amplification(gain, receiver gain, overall gain) does what? | show 🗑
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| Compnesation(TGC, DGC) compensates for what? | show 🗑
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| Compression reduces what? | show 🗑
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| Rejection eliminates what? | show 🗑
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| Demodulation has two components: | show 🗑
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| show | The range of echo amplitudes that a particular component can process.
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| show | the sonographer (compression, log compression, dynamic range)
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| show | Will increase contrast
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| show | Will increase the shades of gray displayed
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| show | Spikes
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| show | Bright dots
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| show | The strength of the returning signals(amplitude) and the depth at which they are located.
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| show | Motion over time with excellent temporal resolution.
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| A frame is a collection of what? | show 🗑
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| A frame contains how many scan lines? | show 🗑
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| What is the standard frame rate? | show 🗑
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| Temporal resolution is improved how? | show 🗑
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| show | decrease image depth, field of view, number of foci, and/or line density
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| show | The scan converter
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| show | A computer which uses the binary system where the number column is the multiple of 2 and the digits for the binary system are 0 and 1.
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| show | A matrix(s) or "checkerboards" with pixels able to hold a binary digit (0 or 1)
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| The more bits per pixel | show 🗑
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| show | By the formula 2 to the power of x (e.g. a 4 bit scan converter can display 16 shades of gray)
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| show | Before memory
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| Postprocessing is what? | show 🗑
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| If the image is frozen, what is being utilized? | show 🗑
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| show | is a television cathode ray tube (CRT) or computer monitor which writes in the raster scan format and is able to display up to 60 frames per sec (Hz)
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| show | pulser to transducer
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| Step 2 in the processing of echo information | show 🗑
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| Step 3 in the processing of echo information | show 🗑
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| Step 4 in the processing of echo information | show 🗑
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| show | the assignment of a shade of gray to the binary number leaving the memory
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| show | the display as a bright dot (B-mode)
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| show | axial, lateral, temporal, contrast, and elevational
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| What is the Doppler principle? | show 🗑
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| What is the Doppler shift? | show 🗑
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| An increase in transmit frequency or RBC velocity will increase what? | show 🗑
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| show | Lower frequencies as compared to imaging.
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| show | To be parallel (0 degrees) to blood flow
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| show | The method used for spectral analysis in conventional (PW, CW) Doppler
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| What do the x, y, and z axis represent for the FFT? | show 🗑
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| show | The Doppler wall filter is a high pass filter which eliminates high amplitude (strong)(e.g. wall motion) and low velocity signals.
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| show | The vertical thickening of the Doppler spectrum, results in window fill-in and indicates turbulent flow.
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| CW Doppler requires how many piezoelectric elements? | show 🗑
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| The primary advantage of CW Doppler is what? | show 🗑
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| show | Range ambiguity
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| PW Doppler requires how many piezoelectric elements? | show 🗑
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| The primary advantage of PW Doppler is what? | show 🗑
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| The primary disadvantage of PW Doppler is what? | show 🗑
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| show | Increase velocity scale, decrease image sampling depth, decrease transducer frequency, alter the baseline, increase Doppler intercept angle (e.g 0 degrees towards 90 degrees), utilize high PRF or CW
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| show | A multigate PW Doppler technique which presents the mean velocity of blood flow.
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| Can aliasing occur in color flow Doppler? | show 🗑
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| What is packet size? | show 🗑
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| Increasing the packet size will improve what? | show 🗑
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| What will increase the color Doppler frame rate? | show 🗑
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| What is autocorrelation? | show 🗑
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| What does a mosaic flow represent? | show 🗑
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| show | Variance (turbulent flow)
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| show | The placement of color on moving tissue structures.
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| What are reverberations? | show 🗑
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| Refraction may result in what? | show 🗑
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| show | Structures being too close axially, laterally, or in the elevational plane to be distinguished.
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| What are side lobe and grating lobe artifacts? | show 🗑
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| What are two types of reverberation artifact? | show 🗑
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| If the propagation speed of a material is less than 1540 m/s, then reflectors will be placed where? | show 🗑
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| If the propagation speed of a material if greater than 1540 m/s, then reflectors will be placed where? | show 🗑
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| Shadowing involves what? | show 🗑
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| show | A low attenuating structure resulting in a high amplitude signal.
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| When will range ambiguity occur? | show 🗑
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| show | To reduce the scanning time and transmit gain.
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| show | Thermal, cavitation, or direct mechanical
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| What is stable cavitation? | show 🗑
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| show | The implosion of a gas bubble and may lead to a significant bioeffect.
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| show | The mechanical index (MI)
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| What indicates the risk of an unsafe rise in temperature? | show 🗑
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| A cracked ultrasound transducer can result in what? | show 🗑
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