functional groups
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| different classes of hydrocarbons | saturated alkanesunsaturated alkenes, alkynes, arenes
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| saturation | no double or triple bonds
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| degree of unsaturation | C + 1 − 0.5 * (H + X − N)
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| unsaturation | has at least one double or triple bonds
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| alkyl group | R- R=alkane
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| hydroxyl group | -OH
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| how are alkanes and cycloalkanes related | They are both hydrocarbons, have no functional groups, and are aliphatic
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| aromatic compound | must have 6 electrons from 3 double bonds delocalized in a pi bond
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| why are cycloalkanes not aromatic | must have 6 pi electrons
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| cycloalkanes | types of alkanes which have one or more rings of carbon atoms in the chemical structure of their molecules
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| aliphatic hydrocarbon | compounds that do not contain aromatic rings
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| aromatic hydrocarbon | compounds that contain aromatic rings
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| benzene ring | an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated Ar–H
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| arene | Ar-H
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| aryl group | Ar- Simple aromatic ring
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| cis isomer | same side of double bond on different carbons
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| trans isomer | opposite side of double bond on different carbons
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| alkenes | double bonds
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| alkynes | triple bonds
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| E configuration | (from the German entgegen) means opposite and corresponds to the term trans higher atomic numbers are given higher priority more than one atom has lower priority
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| Z configuration | (from the German zusammen) means together and corresponds to the term cis;higher atomic numbers are given higher priority more than one atom has lower priority
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| haloalkanes | R-X X is a halogen
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| alcohols | R-OH
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| ethers | R-O-R'
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| amines | RNH2 primary, R2NH secondary, or R3N tertiary
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| aldehydes | R-(C=O)H
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| ketones | R-(C=O)R'
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| carboxylic acids | R-(C=O)OH
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| esters | R-(C=0)-OR' carboxylic acid where H is replaced with an alkyl group, contains carbonyl group C=O
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| anhydrides | R(C=O)-O-(C=O)R'
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| acyl group | R(C=O)-
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| priority naming: carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl | The highest precedence group takes the suffix, with all others taking the prefix form. However, double and triple bonds only take suffix form (-en and -yn) and are used with other suffixes carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, amino,
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