classical condition
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| Define learning | A change in knowledge
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| What is a fixed action pattern | An innate unlearned behavior that manifests itself at the same time in the same way
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| What is imprinting | A young species follows the first slow-moving object after birth
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| What did Konrad Lorenz discover about imprinting | The young ignored their biological mother
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| Who is the scientist most associated with classical conditioning | Ivan Pavlov
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| The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | unconditioned stimulus, the unlearned thing that evokes a response
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| Unconditioned response (UCR) | unconditioned response, unlearned behavior
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| Conditioned stimulus(CS | condition stimulus, the learned thing that evokes a response
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| Conditioned response (CR) | conditioned response, learned behavior
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| How do advertisers try to get people to buy their product | Put celebrities on the ad
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| How does one know when classical conditioning has occurred | When the subject shows a certain stimulus-response
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| In Pavlov's research, was the acquisition of salivation to the bell tone gradual or immediate | Gradual
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| How are classically conditioned responses extinguished | Giving the CS without the UCS
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| What was Pavlov's explanation for how this type of learning took place | Through repeated parings
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| What is higher order (second-order) conditioning | Using two multiple items to get a CR
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| An example of higher-order conditioning | using a monotone while the dog has food then using the monotone while the dog looks at a black square then black square will cause salivation
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| Extinction | the CR goes away
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| Spontaneous recovery | a CR reappears after a long time of extinction
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| Stimulus generalization | when a similar stimulus produces a response to a CS
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| Stimulus discrimination | the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli
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| Watson & Raynor's research with Little Albert | He was scared of all small white fluffy things not just a white rat
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| Describe Garcia's research on taste aversion | The rats would avoid sweet water due to pain, he learned that the CS and UCS don't have to be close together in time
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| Is the taste aversion response typically conditioned in one pairing of CS and UCS or multiple pairings | one
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| Are the CS and UCS typically separated by a time span of a few seconds or several hours | Few seconds
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| Describe some examples of classical conditioning occurring after only one pairing of UCS and CS in humans and animals | Ringing a bell before giving the dog food, will cause salivation at just the bell tone
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| What is meant by biological preparedness | The tendency of animals and humans to learn some associations more quickly that are tied to survival such as phobias
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| How does biological preparedness explain what one observes in taste aversion studies | If you get sick after eating food you won't want to eat that food anymore
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| What was Mary Cover Jones’ contribution to psychology | She developed counter-conditioning
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| What is counterconditioning | Taking what someone is scared of and pairing it with something they like will make them not scared anymore
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| What are phobias | A fear response to an object or thing
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| How are phobias often created | A bad experience with said object or thing
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| Systematic desensitization | behavioral treatment is gradually exposed to what they are afraid of but they are kept calm
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| Flooding | when a person is exposed to their fear suddenly without warning
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