AP Psych Test 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | includes brain and spinal chord
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | nerves branching beyond the spinal chord and into the body (consists of all nerves not encased in bone)
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| Somatic Nervous System | controls voluntary body movements (part of the PNS)
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| Autonomic Nervous System | controls automatic functions of our body such as the heart and lungs (part of the PNS)
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| The Peripheral Nervous System Includes... | includes a somatic nervous system and an autonomic nervous system
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| The Autonomic Nervous System Includes... | the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | our body's alert system that responds to stress by accelerating or slowing down functions (includes fight-or-flight)
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | slows down our body after a stress response (break pedal)
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| Study Of Accidents | document what area was damaged and how behavior was changed after the accident (tells us what the area does for human behavior)
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| Accident Definition | unintentional damage to the brain
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| Study Of Lesions | can infer function of the brain area by observing behavior after the surgery (tells us what the area does for human behavior)
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| Lesion Definition | intentional damage to a part of the brain for necessary treatment
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| EEG | detects brain waves, also known as electrical activity and fluctuations (mainly used during sleep studies)
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| CAT Scan | sophisticated x-ray that produces a three-dimensional picture of the brain structure, and ONLY gives us information about the brain structure (used to see tumor structures or bleeding)
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| MRI | gives us pictures of the brain in a more detailed way than a CAT Scan, and ONLY gives us information about the brain structure (used to measure spinal cord and other dense areas)
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| An MRI Uses... | magnetic fields to measure the density and location of brain material
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| PET Scan | an non-detailed picture of the brain that lets researchers see which part of the brain is most active during certain tasks (measures how much of a certain chemical your brain is using)
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| fMRI | combines elements of a PET Scan and MRI to scan the brain's structure AND activity while certain tasks are performed (used to detect blood oxygen levels)
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| Glucose And Metabolism Are Measured In... | a PET scan
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| A fMRI Is The Only Scan That Tells Us... | structure AND function
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| Frontal Lobe | plays an important part in integrating personality and forming complex thoughts, helping to plan and make decisions (part of cerebral cortex)
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| The Frontal Lobe Includes... | the motor strip and Broca's area
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| Motor Strip | handles all body movement (part of the frontal lobe)
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| Broca's Area | controls movements involved for producing speech (part of the frontal lobe)
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| Motor Cortex | involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements (part of the cerebral cortex)
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| Parietal Lobe | interprets touch and pain, contains the somatosensory strip (part of the cerebral cortex)
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| Sensory Cortex | in charge of processing and interpreting sensory stimulus (contains areas of the cerebral cortex)
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| Somatosensory Strip | interprets touch
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| Temporal Lobe | responsible for hearing and some speech functions, contains Wernicke's area (part of the cerebral cortex)
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| Wernicke's Area | interprets written and spoken speech, usually in the left hemisphere (part of the temporal lobe)
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| Occipital Lobe | responsible for interpreting visual information (part of the cerebral cortex)
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| Inner Brain | holds the most vital functions for survival
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| Thalamus | all incoming information to the brain goes to the thalamus first, and the thalamus sends the information to the correct area of the brain to be processed (part of the inner brain)
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| Hippocampus | helps in creating memories, surrounds the thalamus (part of the inner brain)
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| Amygdala | responsible for emotion, surrounds the thalamus (part of the inner brain)
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| Hypothalamus | regulates basic needs like hunger, thirst, sex, and going to the bathroom (part of the inner brain)
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| Reticular Formation | alertness control center of the brain which helps us sleep and wake up (part of the inner brain)
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| Cerebellum | coordinates body movements for balance and accuracy/motor learning (part of the inner brain)
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| Pons | responsible for producing facial expressions (part of the inner brain)
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| Medulla | controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, and reflexes (part of the inner brain)
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| Neuron | nerve cell that communicates information throughout the brain (like a vehicle)
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| Soma | part of the neuron which contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain life (cell body)
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| Dendrites | parts of the neuron that are branch-like structures that receive information from other neurons
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| Axon | part of the neuron that sends information away to other neurons (ends of axons have terminal buttons)
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| Myelin Sheath | fatty covering around the axon that helps information travel faster
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| Terminal Buttons | parts of the neurons that are located at the end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters
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| Vesicles | structures that contain the neurotransmitter (are inside the terminal buttons)
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| Synapse | space between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released
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| Neurotransmitters | brain chemicals that communicates information throughout the brain and body
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| Neurons Send Messages... | electrochemically (chemicals cause and electrical signal)
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| Ions | chemicals with electrical charges
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| The Inside Of A Cell Is... | negative compared to its outside
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| Semi-Permeable Membrane | membrane that surrounds neurons that allows some ions to pass through and blocks others
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| Action Potential | occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon (neuron firing)
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| Threshold | amount of neurotransmitters that must be received in order for the neuron to fire (if threshold is not met, neurons will not fire)
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| Reuptake | when the neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron
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| Refractory Period | neuron needs a resting period before it can fire again
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| Receptor | a protein molecule embedded within the membrane of a dendrite that receives chemical signals from outside the cell (determines whether or not the chemical can go into the receiving cell)
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| All Or None Principle | the neuron either doesn't reach the threshold, or a full action potential is fired
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| Afferent | type of neuron that takes information from the senses to the brain (sensory neurons)
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| Efferent | type of neuron that takes information from the brain to the rest of the body (motor neurons)
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| Interneurons | type of neuron that is located between sensory and motor neurons to help transform neurons from afferent to efferent and vice versa
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| Exictatory | increase the firing and release of neurons
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| Inhibitory | decrease the firing and release of neurons
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| Dopamine | neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure system, and also helps regulate and control movement and emotional responses (inhibitory)
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| Low Dopamine May Cause... | Parkinson's disease
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| High Dopamine May Cause... | schizophrenia
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| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter involved with movement and memory (exictatory)
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| Low Acetylcholine May Cause... | Alzheimer's disease and paralysis
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| Botox Stops... | acetylcholine
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| Norepinephrine | neurotransmitter that brings our nervous system into high alert and gives us energy (exictatory)
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| Serotonin | neurotransmitter involved with emotion and mood (inhibitory in pain pathways)
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| Too Little Serotonin May Cause... | depression
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| Endorphin | neurotransmitter involved with pain reduction and pleasure (inhibitory)
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| GABA | neurotransmitter important in producing sleep and reducing anxiety (important inhibitory neurotransmitter)
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| Glutamate | neurotransmitter important in learning and memory (exictatory)
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| Brain Plasticity | the ability of neural networks to change through growth and organization
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| Endocrine System | glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body
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| Adrenal Glands | produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
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| Sex Hormones | responsible for pregnancy, puberty, menstruation, menopause, sex drive, sperm production and more
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| Genes | basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child, made up of sequences of DNA
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| How Genes Affect Behavior | encode molecular products that build and govern the functioning of the brain through which behavior is expressed
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| DNA | a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual
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| Chromosomes | structure found inside the nucleus of a cell, made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes
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| Thomas Bouchard's Twin Studies | studied 100+ identical twins that were raised separately (found that they had similar personalities, interests and attitudes, proving that genetics do factor into behavior)
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| Turner's Syndrome | only one X chromosome (can cause shortness, webbed necks, and differences in physical sexual development)
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| Klinefelter's Syndrome | biological males have an extra X chromosome, XXY pattern, have both male and female features/genitalia (usually causes minimal sexual development and extreme introversion)
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| Down Syndrome | an extra chromosome is found on the 21st pair (can cause rounded face, shorter fingers/toes, slanted eyes set far apart, and some degree of mental retardation)
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| Chromosomal Abnormalities Information | our sex is determined by our 23rd pair of chromosomes, men are XY and women are XX
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| Brain Lateralazation | the specialization of function in each hemisphere
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| The Left Hemisphere Of The Brain Controls... | responsible for language, logic, numbers, analysis, lists, and sequence (also controls the right side of the body)
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| The Right Hemisphere Of The Brain Controls... | responsible for rhythm, spatial awareness, color, imagination, daydreaming, holistic awareness, and dimension (also controls the left side of the body)
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| Corpus Callosum | bundle of nerve fibers that aid communication between the hemispheres
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abievans
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